diff --git a/tooling/las2mound.py b/tooling/las2mound.py
index 9e105b2..722d0ec 100644
--- a/tooling/las2mound.py
+++ b/tooling/las2mound.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Example layout for 100 points and 50 triangles:
     Total file size:    1864 bytes
 
 Coordinate System:
-    Input: Ohio State Plane North (EPSG:3734) in US Survey Feet
+    Input: Ohio State Plane South (EPSG:3735) in US Survey Feet
     Output: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) in meters
     This ensures compatibility with MapLibre GL JS and web mapping standards.
 """
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ def transform_to_webmercator(x, y, z):
     """Transform Ohio State Plane coordinates to Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)."""
     print("Transforming coordinates to Web Mercator...")
     
-    # Ohio State Plane North (EPSG:3734) in US Survey Feet to Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) in meters
-    # Newark is in the North zone
-    transformer = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:3734", "EPSG:3857", always_xy=True)
+    # Ohio State Plane South (EPSG:3735) in US Survey Feet to Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) in meters
+    # The lidar data uses FIPS 3402 (Ohio South) per metadata
+    transformer = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:3735", "EPSG:3857", always_xy=True)
     
     # Transform x,y (easting, northing) to Web Mercator meters
     merc_x, merc_y = transformer.transform(x, y)
diff --git a/ui/src/App.vue b/ui/src/App.vue
index 4140afa..f06f2c6 100644
--- a/ui/src/App.vue
+++ b/ui/src/App.vue
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 <template>
   <div id="app">
     <div ref="mapContainer" class="map-container"></div>
-    <canvas ref="threeCanvas" class="three-canvas"></canvas>
     
     <ShadingSandbox 
       :visible="sandboxVisible"
-      ref="ShadingSandbox"
+      :offscreen="sandboxOffscreen"
+      :initial-settings="DEFAULT_RENDER_SETTINGS"
+      ref="sandboxRef"
       @close="sandboxVisible = false"
       @renderComplete="onRenderComplete"
       @error="onRenderError"
     />
+    
     <div class="layer-controls">
       <div class="control-section">
         <label>Base Map:</label>
@@ -35,366 +37,327 @@
   </div>
 </template>
 
-<script>
+<script setup>
 import { ref, onMounted, onUnmounted } from 'vue';
 import maplibregl from 'maplibre-gl';
 import 'maplibre-gl/dist/maplibre-gl.css';
-import * as THREE from 'three';
 import ShadingSandbox from './ShadingSandbox.vue';
 
-export default {
-  name: 'App',
-  components: {
-    ShadingSandbox
-  },
-  setup() {
-    const mapContainer = ref(null);
-    const threeCanvas = ref(null);
-    const ShadingSandbox = ref(null);
-    let map = null;
-    let scene = null;
-    let camera = null;
-    let renderer = null;
-    let lidarMeshes = [];
-    const baseLayer = ref('osm');
-    const showOctagon = ref(true);
-    const showLidar = ref(true);
-    
-    const sandboxVisible = ref(false);
-    const currentTileData = ref(null);
-    const tileCache = ref({});
+// Default render settings - used everywhere
+const DEFAULT_RENDER_SETTINGS = {
+  azimuth: 90,
+  altitude: 60,
+  intensity: 1.2,
+  heightScale: 3,
+  terrainColor: 0x9A9996
+};
 
-    // Newark Octagon coordinates (converted from DMS to decimal)
-    const octagonCoords = [
-      [-82.44133, 40.05431], // 40°03'15.5"N 82°26'28.8"W
-      [-82.44264, 40.05311], // 40°03'11.2"N 82°26'33.5"W
-      [-82.44464, 40.05242], // 40°03'08.7"N 82°26'40.7"W
-      [-82.44631, 40.05342], // 40°03'12.3"N 82°26'46.7"W
-      [-82.44728, 40.05500], // 40°03'18.0"N 82°26'50.2"W
-      [-82.44589, 40.05633], // 40°03'22.8"N 82°26'45.2"W
-      [-82.44389, 40.05697], // 40°03'25.1"N 82°26'38.0"W
-      [-82.44192, 40.05589], // 40°03'21.2"N 82°26'30.9"W
-      [-82.44133, 40.05431], // Close the polygon
-    ];
+// Refs
+const mapContainer = ref(null);
+const sandboxRef = ref(null);
+const sandboxVisible = ref(false);
+const sandboxOffscreen = ref(false);
+const baseLayer = ref('osm');
+const showOctagon = ref(true);
+const showLidar = ref(true);
+const tileCache = ref({});
+const currentTileData = ref(null);
 
-    const octagonCenter = [-82.44383, 40.05469];
+// Map instance
+let map = null;
 
-    onMounted(() => {
-      map = new maplibregl.Map({
-        container: mapContainer.value,
-        style: {
-          version: 8,
-          sources: {
-            'osm': {
-              type: 'raster',
-              tiles: ['https://tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png'],
-              tileSize: 256,
-              attribution: '© OpenStreetMap contributors'
-            },
-            'satellite': {
-              type: 'raster',
-              tiles: [
-                'https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}'
-              ],
-              tileSize: 256,
-              attribution: 'Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics, USDA FSA, USGS, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, and the GIS User Community'
-            }
-          },
-          layers: [
-            {
-              id: 'osm-layer',
-              type: 'raster',
-              source: 'osm',
-              layout: { visibility: 'visible' }
-            },
-            {
-              id: 'satellite-layer',
-              type: 'raster',
-              source: 'satellite',
-              layout: { visibility: 'none' }
-            }
-          ]
-        },
-        center: octagonCenter,
-        zoom: 15
-      });
+// Tile names to load
+const TILE_NAMES = [
+  'BS19820747',
+  'BS19820748',
+  'BS19830747',
+  'BS19830748'
+];
 
-      map.on('load', () => {
-        // Add octagon source and layer
-        map.addSource('octagon', {
-          type: 'geojson',
-          data: {
-            type: 'Feature',
-            geometry: {
-              type: 'Polygon',
-              coordinates: [octagonCoords]
-            }
-          }
-        });
+// Newark Octagon coordinates
+const octagonCoords = [
+  [-82.44133, 40.05431],
+  [-82.44264, 40.05311],
+  [-82.44464, 40.05242],
+  [-82.44631, 40.05342],
+  [-82.44728, 40.05500],
+  [-82.44589, 40.05633],
+  [-82.44389, 40.05697],
+  [-82.44192, 40.05589],
+  [-82.44133, 40.05431], // Close the polygon
+];
 
-        map.addLayer({
-          id: 'octagon-fill',
-          type: 'fill',
-          source: 'octagon',
-          paint: {
-            'fill-color': '#ff0000',
-            'fill-opacity': 0.2
-          }
-        });
+const octagonCenter = [-82.44383, 40.05469];
 
-        map.addLayer({
-          id: 'octagon-outline',
-          type: 'line',
-          source: 'octagon',
-          paint: {
-            'line-color': '#ff0000',
-            'line-width': 2
-          }
-        });
+// Coordinate conversion utilities
+function webMercatorToLonLat(x, y) {
+  const R = 6378137; // Earth's radius in meters
+  const lon = (x / R) * (180 / Math.PI);
+  const lat = (2 * Math.atan(Math.exp(y / R)) - Math.PI / 2) * (180 / Math.PI);
+  return [lon, lat];
+}
 
-        // Initialize Three.js
-        initThreeJS();
-        loadLidarTiles();
+// Parse .mound binary file
+async function parseMoundFile(url) {
+  const response = await fetch(url);
+  const buffer = await response.arrayBuffer();
+  
+  const view = new DataView(buffer);
+  let offset = 0;
+  
+  const magic = String.fromCharCode(
+    view.getUint8(offset++),
+    view.getUint8(offset++),
+    view.getUint8(offset++),
+    view.getUint8(offset++)
+  );
+  
+  if (magic !== 'LIDR') {
+    throw new Error('Invalid .mound file');
+  }
+  
+  const version = view.getUint32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const pointCount = view.getUint32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const triangleCount = view.getUint32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const minX = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const minY = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const minZ = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const maxX = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const maxY = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  const maxZ = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
+  offset += 24; // Skip reserved bytes
+  
+  const positions = new Float32Array(buffer, offset, pointCount * 3);
+  offset += pointCount * 3 * 4;
+  
+  const indices = new Uint32Array(buffer, offset, triangleCount * 3);
+  
+  return {
+    version,
+    pointCount,
+    triangleCount,
+    bounds: { minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ },
+    positions,
+    indices
+  };
+}
+
+// Load and render all lidar tiles
+async function loadLidarTiles() {
+  console.log('Loading and rendering tiles...');
+  
+  for (const tileName of TILE_NAMES) {
+    try {
+      console.log(`Loading ${tileName}...`);
+      const data = await parseMoundFile(`/tiles/${tileName}.mound`);
+      
+      // Cache tile data
+      tileCache.value[tileName] = data;
+      
+      // Render using ShadingSandbox
+      if (sandboxRef.value) {
+        const result = await sandboxRef.value.renderTileWithSettings(
+          data,
+          DEFAULT_RENDER_SETTINGS,
+          512
+        );
         
-        // Update Three.js on map move
-        map.on('move', updateThreeCamera);
-        map.on('zoom', updateThreeCamera);
-      });
-    });
-
-    const updateBaseLayer = () => {
-      if (!map) return;
-      
-      if (baseLayer.value === 'osm') {
-        map.setLayoutProperty('osm-layer', 'visibility', 'visible');
-        map.setLayoutProperty('satellite-layer', 'visibility', 'none');
-      } else {
-        map.setLayoutProperty('osm-layer', 'visibility', 'none');
-        map.setLayoutProperty('satellite-layer', 'visibility', 'visible');
-      }
-    };
-
-    const toggleOctagon = () => {
-      if (!map) return;
-      
-      const visibility = showOctagon.value ? 'visible' : 'none';
-      map.setLayoutProperty('octagon-fill', 'visibility', visibility);
-      map.setLayoutProperty('octagon-outline', 'visibility', visibility);
-    };
-
-    const toggleLidar = () => {
-      lidarMeshes.forEach(mesh => {
-        mesh.visible = showLidar.value;
-      });
-      if (renderer) renderer.render(scene, camera);
-    };
-    
-    // Convert lat/lon to Web Mercator meters (EPSG:3857)
-    const lonLatToWebMercator = (lon, lat) => {
-      const x = lon * 20037508.34 / 180;
-      let y = Math.log(Math.tan((90 + lat) * Math.PI / 360)) / (Math.PI / 180);
-      y = y * 20037508.34 / 180;
-      return { x, y };
-    };
-
-    const initThreeJS = () => {
-      scene = new THREE.Scene();
-      
-      camera = new THREE.OrthographicCamera(
-        -1, 1, 1, -1, 0.1, 10000
-      );
-      camera.position.z = 1;
-      
-      renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({
-        canvas: threeCanvas.value,
-        alpha: true,
-        antialias: true
-      });
-      renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
-      renderer.setClearColor(0x000000, 0);
-      
-      const ambientLight = new THREE.AmbientLight(0xffffff, 0.4);
-      scene.add(ambientLight);
-      
-      const directionalLight = new THREE.DirectionalLight(0xffffff, 0.8);
-      directionalLight.position.set(1, 1, 1);
-      scene.add(directionalLight);
-      
-      window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize);
-      
-      updateThreeCamera();
-    };
-
-    const handleResize = () => {
-      if (!renderer || !camera) return;
-      renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
-      updateThreeCamera();
-    };
-
-    const updateThreeCamera = () => {
-      if (!map || !camera || !renderer) return;
-      
-      const bounds = map.getBounds();
-      const ne = bounds.getNorthEast();
-      const sw = bounds.getSouthWest();
-      
-      // Convert lat/lon bounds to Web Mercator meters
-      const neMerc = lonLatToWebMercator(ne.lng, ne.lat);
-      const swMerc = lonLatToWebMercator(sw.lng, sw.lat);
-      
-      camera.left = swMerc.x;
-      camera.right = neMerc.x;
-      camera.top = neMerc.y;
-      camera.bottom = swMerc.y;
-      camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
-      
-      renderer.render(scene, camera);
-    };
-
-    const parseMoundFile = async (url) => {
-      const response = await fetch(url);
-      const buffer = await response.arrayBuffer();
-      
-      const view = new DataView(buffer);
-      let offset = 0;
-      
-      const magic = String.fromCharCode(
-        view.getUint8(offset++),
-        view.getUint8(offset++),
-        view.getUint8(offset++),
-        view.getUint8(offset++)
-      );
-      
-      if (magic !== 'LIDR') {
-        throw new Error('Invalid .mound file');
-      }
-      
-      const version = view.getUint32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const pointCount = view.getUint32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const triangleCount = view.getUint32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const minX = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const minY = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const minZ = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const maxX = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const maxY = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      const maxZ = view.getFloat32(offset, true); offset += 4;
-      offset += 24; // Skip reserved
-      
-      const positions = new Float32Array(buffer, offset, pointCount * 3);
-      offset += pointCount * 3 * 4;
-      
-      const indices = new Uint32Array(buffer, offset, triangleCount * 3);
-      
-      return {
-        pointCount,
-        triangleCount,
-        bounds: { minX, minY, minZ, maxX, maxY, maxZ },
-        positions,
-        indices
-      };
-    };
-
-    const loadLidarTiles = async () => {
-      const tiles = [
-        'BS19820747',
-        'BS19820748',
-        'BS19830747',
-        'BS19830748'
-      ];
-      
-      for (const tileName of tiles) {
-        try {
-          console.log(`Loading ${tileName}...`);
-          const data = await parseMoundFile(`/tiles/${tileName}.mound`);
+        if (result.success) {
+          console.log(`Rendered ${tileName} in ${result.renderTime}ms (${result.width}x${result.height})`);
           
-          // Cache the tile data for sandbox use
-          tileCache.value[tileName] = data;
+          // Convert bounds to lat/lon
+          const sw = webMercatorToLonLat(data.bounds.minX, data.bounds.minY);
+          const ne = webMercatorToLonLat(data.bounds.maxX, data.bounds.maxY);
           
-          console.log(`${tileName} bounds:`, data.bounds);
-          console.log(`First few positions:`, data.positions.slice(0, 15));
-          
-          const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
-          geometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(data.positions, 3));
-          geometry.setIndex(new THREE.BufferAttribute(data.indices, 1));
-          geometry.computeVertexNormals();
-          
-          const material = new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial({
-            color: 0x8B7355,
-            side: THREE.DoubleSide,
-            wireframe: false
+          // Add image source to map
+          map.addSource(`tile-${tileName}`, {
+            type: 'image',
+            url: result.dataURL,
+            coordinates: [
+              [sw[0], ne[1]], // top-left
+              [ne[0], ne[1]], // top-right
+              [ne[0], sw[1]], // bottom-right
+              [sw[0], sw[1]]  // bottom-left
+            ]
           });
           
-          const mesh = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
-          scene.add(mesh);
-          lidarMeshes.push(mesh);
+          // Add layer
+          map.addLayer({
+            id: `tile-layer-${tileName}`,
+            type: 'raster',
+            source: `tile-${tileName}`,
+            paint: {
+              'raster-opacity': 0.8
+            }
+          });
           
-          console.log(`Loaded ${tileName}: ${data.pointCount} points, ${data.triangleCount} triangles`);
-          console.log(`Mesh position:`, mesh.position);
-          console.log(`Mesh in scene:`, scene.children.length);
-        } catch (err) {
-          console.error(`Failed to load ${tileName}:`, err);
+          console.log(`Added ${tileName} to map at [${sw[0].toFixed(5)}, ${sw[1].toFixed(5)}] - [${ne[0].toFixed(5)}, ${ne[1].toFixed(5)}]`);
+        } else {
+          console.error(`Failed to render ${tileName}:`, result.error);
         }
       }
-      
-      console.log('Map bounds:', map.getBounds().toArray());
-      console.log('Camera:', camera);
-      
-      updateThreeCamera();
-    };
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error(`Failed to load ${tileName}:`, err);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  console.log('All tiles loaded');
+}
 
-    const openSandbox = () => {
-      // Open sandbox with first available tile
-      const firstTile = Object.keys(tileCache.value)[0];
-      if (firstTile) {
-        currentTileData.value = tileCache.value[firstTile];
-        sandboxVisible.value = true;
-        
-        // Load tile data into renderer after it mounts
-        setTimeout(() => {
-          if (ShadingSandbox.value) {
-            ShadingSandbox.value.loadTileData(currentTileData.value);
-          }
-        }, 100);
+// UI handlers
+function updateBaseLayer() {
+  if (!map) return;
+  
+  if (baseLayer.value === 'osm') {
+    map.setLayoutProperty('osm-layer', 'visibility', 'visible');
+    map.setLayoutProperty('satellite-layer', 'visibility', 'none');
+  } else {
+    map.setLayoutProperty('osm-layer', 'visibility', 'none');
+    map.setLayoutProperty('satellite-layer', 'visibility', 'visible');
+  }
+}
+
+function toggleOctagon() {
+  if (!map) return;
+  
+  const visibility = showOctagon.value ? 'visible' : 'none';
+  map.setLayoutProperty('octagon-fill', 'visibility', visibility);
+  map.setLayoutProperty('octagon-outline', 'visibility', visibility);
+}
+
+function toggleLidar() {
+  if (!map) return;
+  
+  const visibility = showLidar.value ? 'visible' : 'none';
+  for (const tileName of TILE_NAMES) {
+    const layerId = `tile-layer-${tileName}`;
+    if (map.getLayer(layerId)) {
+      map.setLayoutProperty(layerId, 'visibility', visibility);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function openSandbox() {
+  const firstTile = Object.keys(tileCache.value)[0];
+  if (firstTile) {
+    currentTileData.value = tileCache.value[firstTile];
+    sandboxVisible.value = true;
+    
+    // Load tile data after sandbox mounts
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      if (sandboxRef.value) {
+        sandboxRef.value.loadTileData(currentTileData.value);
       }
-    };
-    
-    const onRenderComplete = (data) => {
-      console.log('Render complete:', {
-        size: data.size,
-        renderTime: data.renderTime,
-        settings: data.settings
-      });
-    };
-    
-    const onRenderError = (err) => {
-      console.error('Renderer error:', err);
-    };
+    }, 100);
+  }
+}
 
-    onUnmounted(() => {
-      window.removeEventListener('resize', handleResize);
-      if (renderer) {
-        renderer.dispose();
+function onRenderComplete(data) {
+  console.log('Render complete:', {
+    size: `${data.width}x${data.height}`,
+    renderTime: data.renderTime,
+    settings: data.settings
+  });
+}
+
+function onRenderError(err) {
+  console.error('Renderer error:', err);
+}
+
+// Lifecycle
+onMounted(() => {
+  map = new maplibregl.Map({
+    container: mapContainer.value,
+    style: {
+      version: 8,
+      sources: {
+        'osm': {
+          type: 'raster',
+          tiles: ['https://tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png'],
+          tileSize: 256,
+          attribution: '© OpenStreetMap contributors'
+        },
+        'satellite': {
+          type: 'raster',
+          tiles: [
+            'https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}'
+          ],
+          tileSize: 256,
+          attribution: 'Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics'
+        }
+      },
+      layers: [
+        {
+          id: 'osm-layer',
+          type: 'raster',
+          source: 'osm',
+          layout: { visibility: 'visible' }
+        },
+        {
+          id: 'satellite-layer',
+          type: 'raster',
+          source: 'satellite',
+          layout: { visibility: 'none' }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    center: octagonCenter,
+    zoom: 15
+  });
+
+  map.on('load', async () => {
+    // Add octagon overlay
+    map.addSource('octagon', {
+      type: 'geojson',
+      data: {
+        type: 'Feature',
+        geometry: {
+          type: 'Polygon',
+          coordinates: [octagonCoords]
+        }
       }
     });
 
-    return {
-      mapContainer,
-      threeCanvas,
-      ShadingSandbox,
-      baseLayer,
-      showOctagon,
-      showLidar,
-      updateBaseLayer,
-      toggleOctagon,
-      toggleLidar,
-      sandboxVisible,
-      currentTileData,
-      openSandbox,
-      onRenderComplete,
-      onRenderError
-    };
+    map.addLayer({
+      id: 'octagon-fill',
+      type: 'fill',
+      source: 'octagon',
+      paint: {
+        'fill-color': '#ff0000',
+        'fill-opacity': 0.2
+      }
+    });
+
+    map.addLayer({
+      id: 'octagon-outline',
+      type: 'line',
+      source: 'octagon',
+      paint: {
+        'line-color': '#ff0000',
+        'line-width': 2
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Initialize sandbox offscreen for tile rendering
+    sandboxOffscreen.value = true;
+    sandboxVisible.value = true;
+    await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+    
+    // Load and render tiles
+    await loadLidarTiles();
+    
+    // Hide sandbox
+    sandboxVisible.value = false;
+    sandboxOffscreen.value = false;
+  });
+});
+
+onUnmounted(() => {
+  if (map) {
+    map.remove();
+    map = null;
   }
-};
+});
 </script>
 
 <style>
@@ -415,15 +378,6 @@ export default {
   height: 100%;
 }
 
-.three-canvas {
-  position: absolute;
-  top: 0;
-  left: 0;
-  width: 100%;
-  height: 100%;
-  pointer-events: none;
-}
-
 .layer-controls {
   position: absolute;
   bottom: 20px;
diff --git a/ui/src/ShadingSandbox.vue b/ui/src/ShadingSandbox.vue
index 1c34a42..f9e7b06 100644
--- a/ui/src/ShadingSandbox.vue
+++ b/ui/src/ShadingSandbox.vue
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <template>
-  <div v-if="visible" class="modal-container">
+  <div v-if="visible" :class="['modal-container', { 'offscreen': offscreen }]">
     <div class="modal-header">
       <h2>Shading Sandbox</h2>
       <button class="close-btn" @click="close">✕</button>
@@ -143,6 +143,10 @@ const props = defineProps({
     type: Boolean,
     default: false
   },
+  offscreen: {
+    type: Boolean,
+    default: false
+  },
   initialSettings: {
     type: Object,
     default: () => ({})
@@ -249,22 +253,12 @@ const handleResize = () => {
   renderer.setSize(width, height);
   renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);
   
-  // Maintain tile aspect ratio in frustum
-  if (geometryCache && geometryCache.tileAspect) {
-    const viewSize = 6;
-    const tileAspect = geometryCache.tileAspect;
-    
-    if (tileAspect > 1) {
-      camera.left = -viewSize * tileAspect;
-      camera.right = viewSize * tileAspect;
-      camera.top = viewSize;
-      camera.bottom = -viewSize;
-    } else {
-      camera.left = -viewSize;
-      camera.right = viewSize;
-      camera.top = viewSize / tileAspect;
-      camera.bottom = -viewSize / tileAspect;
-    }
+  // Use exact normalized terrain bounds (no padding = no black bars)
+  if (geometryCache) {
+    camera.left = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+    camera.right = geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+    camera.top = geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
+    camera.bottom = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
   } else {
     // Fallback: square frustum if no tile loaded yet
     const viewSize = 6;
@@ -344,12 +338,20 @@ const loadTileData = (tileData) => {
       baseZ[i + 2] = transformedPositions[i + 2]; // Only Z values
     }
 
+    // Calculate exact bounds of normalized terrain (no padding = no black bars)
+    const normalizedSpanX = spanX * normalizeScale;
+    const normalizedSpanY = spanY * normalizeScale;
+
     geometryCache = {
       geometry,
       baseZ,
       spanZ,
       zScale,
-      tileAspect
+      tileAspect,
+      normalizedSpanX,
+      normalizedSpanY,
+      // Store original Web Mercator bounds for MapLibre positioning
+      originalBounds: { ...tileData.bounds }
     };
 
     // Create material and mesh
@@ -362,22 +364,10 @@ const loadTileData = (tileData) => {
     scene.add(mesh);
 
     // Configure camera frustum to match tile aspect ratio
-    const viewSize = 6; // Base size for the view
-    
-    // Adjust frustum based on tile aspect ratio
-    if (tileAspect > 1) {
-      // Wider than tall
-      camera.left = -viewSize * tileAspect;
-      camera.right = viewSize * tileAspect;
-      camera.top = viewSize;
-      camera.bottom = -viewSize;
-    } else {
-      // Taller than wide
-      camera.left = -viewSize;
-      camera.right = viewSize;
-      camera.top = viewSize / tileAspect;
-      camera.bottom = -viewSize / tileAspect;
-    }
+    camera.left = -normalizedSpanX / 2;
+    camera.right = normalizedSpanX / 2;
+    camera.top = normalizedSpanY / 2;
+    camera.bottom = -normalizedSpanY / 2;
     
     // Adjust near/far to accommodate height exaggeration
     const maxZExtent = (spanZ * zScale / 2) * 20; // Max exaggeration
@@ -469,17 +459,29 @@ const renderTile = async () => {
     const originalHeight = renderer.domElement.height;
     const originalPixelRatio = renderer.getPixelRatio();
 
-    // Set render size (square)
-    renderer.setSize(size, size);
+    // Calculate render dimensions based on tile aspect ratio
+    let renderWidth = size;
+    let renderHeight = size;
+    if (geometryCache) {
+      const tileAspect = geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / geometryCache.normalizedSpanY;
+      if (tileAspect > 1) {
+        renderHeight = Math.round(size / tileAspect);
+      } else {
+        renderWidth = Math.round(size * tileAspect);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Set render size
+    renderer.setSize(renderWidth, renderHeight);
     renderer.setPixelRatio(1); // No pixel ratio multiplier for export
 
-    // Update camera aspect for square
-    const aspect = 1;
-    const viewSize = 6;
-    camera.left = -viewSize * aspect;
-    camera.right = viewSize * aspect;
-    camera.top = viewSize;
-    camera.bottom = -viewSize;
+    // Update camera to match exact tile bounds (no black bars)
+    if (geometryCache) {
+      camera.left = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+      camera.right = geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+      camera.top = geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
+      camera.bottom = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
+    }
     camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
 
     // Render
@@ -493,13 +495,8 @@ const renderTile = async () => {
     renderer.setSize(originalWidth / originalPixelRatio, originalHeight / originalPixelRatio);
     renderer.setPixelRatio(originalPixelRatio);
 
-    // Restore camera aspect
-    const canvasAspect = originalWidth / originalHeight;
-    camera.left = -viewSize * canvasAspect;
-    camera.right = viewSize * canvasAspect;
-    camera.top = viewSize;
-    camera.bottom = -viewSize;
-    camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
+    // Restore camera
+    handleResize();
 
     const endTime = performance.now();
     const renderTime = Math.round(endTime - startTime);
@@ -510,7 +507,9 @@ const renderTile = async () => {
       dataURL,
       settings: { ...settings },
       size,
-      renderTime
+      renderTime,
+      width: renderWidth,
+      height: renderHeight
     });
 
     return dataURL;
@@ -556,16 +555,29 @@ const renderTileWithSettings = async (tileData, renderSettings, resolution = 102
     const originalHeight = renderer.domElement.height;
     const originalPixelRatio = renderer.getPixelRatio();
 
-    // Set render size (square for export)
-    renderer.setSize(resolution, resolution);
+    // Calculate render dimensions based on tile aspect ratio
+    let renderWidth = resolution;
+    let renderHeight = resolution;
+    if (geometryCache) {
+      const tileAspect = geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / geometryCache.normalizedSpanY;
+      if (tileAspect > 1) {
+        renderHeight = Math.round(resolution / tileAspect);
+      } else {
+        renderWidth = Math.round(resolution * tileAspect);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Set render size
+    renderer.setSize(renderWidth, renderHeight);
     renderer.setPixelRatio(1);
 
-    // Update camera for square render output
-    const viewSize = 6;
-    camera.left = -viewSize;
-    camera.right = viewSize;
-    camera.top = viewSize;
-    camera.bottom = -viewSize;
+    // Update camera to match exact tile bounds (no black bars)
+    if (geometryCache) {
+      camera.left = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+      camera.right = geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+      camera.top = geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
+      camera.bottom = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
+    }
     camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
 
     // Render
@@ -578,27 +590,12 @@ const renderTileWithSettings = async (tileData, renderSettings, resolution = 102
     renderer.setSize(originalWidth / originalPixelRatio, originalHeight / originalPixelRatio);
     renderer.setPixelRatio(originalPixelRatio);
 
-    // Restore camera with tile aspect ratio
-    if (geometryCache && geometryCache.tileAspect) {
-      const tileAspect = geometryCache.tileAspect;
-      
-      if (tileAspect > 1) {
-        camera.left = -viewSize * tileAspect;
-        camera.right = viewSize * tileAspect;
-        camera.top = viewSize;
-        camera.bottom = -viewSize;
-      } else {
-        camera.left = -viewSize;
-        camera.right = viewSize;
-        camera.top = viewSize / tileAspect;
-        camera.bottom = -viewSize / tileAspect;
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Fallback: square frustum
-      camera.left = -viewSize;
-      camera.right = viewSize;
-      camera.top = viewSize;
-      camera.bottom = -viewSize;
+    // Restore camera with exact normalized bounds
+    if (geometryCache) {
+      camera.left = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+      camera.right = geometryCache.normalizedSpanX / 2;
+      camera.top = geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
+      camera.bottom = -geometryCache.normalizedSpanY / 2;
     }
     camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
 
@@ -609,7 +606,9 @@ const renderTileWithSettings = async (tileData, renderSettings, resolution = 102
       success: true,
       dataURL,
       settings: { ...settings },
-      renderTime
+      renderTime,
+      width: renderWidth,
+      height: renderHeight
     };
 
   } catch (err) {
@@ -700,7 +699,8 @@ defineExpose({
     updateHeightScale();
   },
   getSettings: () => ({ ...settings }),
-  isReady: () => tileLoaded.value
+  isReady: () => tileLoaded.value,
+  getBounds: () => geometryCache?.originalBounds ?? null
 });
 </script>
 
@@ -720,6 +720,11 @@ defineExpose({
   z-index: 1000;
 }
 
+.modal-container.offscreen {
+  left: -10000px;
+  top: -10000px;
+}
+
 .modal-header {
   display: flex;
   justify-content: space-between;