//! RFC 019 §7 — overflow diagnostics.
//!
//! One process-global SIGSEGV handler, installed once at [`crate::runtime::init`]
//! (before any scheduler thread exists, so the PRIOR save is unracing), plus a
//! per-scheduler-thread `sigaltstack` registered at `schedule_loop` entry — a
//! guard hit means the faulting stack has no room to run anything, so the
//! altstack is not optional.
//!
//! The handler classifies `si_addr` against the *current* actor only, reached
//! through `preempt::CURRENT_SLOT` — a const-initialized `Cell<*const Slot>`
//! whose access is a plain TLS load (no lazy init, no allocation, no dtor
//! registration), and which every scheduler thread has materialized before an
//! actor can run on it. The slot's diag atomics (`diag_stack_top` & co) are
//! written in `install_actor` before the Release publish and are only consulted
//! here while the actor is on-CPU, so they cannot be stale.
//!
//! Two classification tiers:
//!  - **In-guard**: definitive. Rust frames probe pages in order
//!    (`__rust_probestack`), so Rust overflow always lands here; so does any C
//!    built with `-fstack-clash-protection` (distro-packaged libraries), and —
//!    with the 1 MiB default guard — nearly every unprobed frame too.
//!  - **Overshoot**: within [`OVERSHOOT_SLOP`] *below* the guard. An unprobed
//!    frame (cargo-built C via `cc` almost never enables clash protection)
//!    large enough to step over the guard in one `sub rsp`. Attribution is
//!    "probable": the address is in unmapped VA that nothing else owns, an
//!    actor was on-CPU, and the distance fits a frame — the diagnostic says so.
//!
//! Classified faults print one line (async-signal-safe: stack buffer +
//! `write(2)`, no fmt, no alloc, no locks) and re-raise with default
//! disposition — no unwind, no resume, no fail-soft (jarred; UB-adjacent from
//! a handler). Unclassified faults reinstate the PRIOR handler and refault, so
//! std's own "thread ... has overflowed its stack" diagnostics for OS-thread
//! stacks survive our presence. Reinstating deregisters us for good, which is
//! fine: the process is dying either way.

use std::cell::Cell;
use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
use std::sync::Once;

/// Tier-2 window below the guard. Matches the guard default (and the kernel's
/// `stack_guard_gap`): a frame that out-jumps both the guard and this window
/// in one displacement is past what a diagnostic can honestly attribute.
pub(crate) const OVERSHOOT_SLOP: usize = 1024 * 1024;

/// Per-scheduler-thread signal stack. MINSIGSTKSZ is ~11 KiB on AVX-512
/// hardware; 64 KiB leaves the formatter room without mattering to anyone.
/// One per OS thread, never freed: scheduler threads live for the process in
/// practice, and repeated `run()`s on reused threads re-use the registration
/// (the TLS flag), so the leak is bounded by the OS thread count.
const ALTSTACK_SIZE: usize = 64 * 1024;

static INSTALL: Once = Once::new();
/// The handler that was installed before ours (std's, typically). Written
/// exactly once inside INSTALL — which completes in `runtime::init` before
/// any scheduler thread (and thus any classifiable fault) can exist — and
/// only read from the handler afterwards.
static mut PRIOR: MaybeUninit<libc::sigaction> = MaybeUninit::uninit();

thread_local! {
    /// Whether this OS thread has registered its altstack.
    static ALTSTACK_SET: Cell<bool> = const { Cell::new(false) };
}

/// Where a fault landed relative to the current actor's stack.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum FaultClass {
    /// Inside `[top − reserve − guard, top − reserve)`: the guard region.
    Guard,
    /// Within `OVERSHOOT_SLOP` below the guard: stepped over it. Payload is
    /// the distance below `guard_lo`.
    Overshoot(usize),
    /// Not ours to explain.
    Foreign,
}

/// Pure classifier — all edges unit-tested below. `top` is the stack's usable
/// top, `reserve`/`guard` its shape; both page-rounded by `Stack::new`.
pub(crate) fn classify(addr: usize, top: usize, reserve: usize, guard: usize) -> FaultClass {
    let guard_hi = top.wrapping_sub(reserve);
    let guard_lo = guard_hi.wrapping_sub(guard);
    if addr >= guard_lo && addr < guard_hi {
        FaultClass::Guard
    } else if addr < guard_lo && addr >= guard_lo.saturating_sub(OVERSHOOT_SLOP) {
        FaultClass::Overshoot(guard_lo - addr)
    } else {
        FaultClass::Foreign
    }
}

/// Install the process-global handler. Idempotent; called from
/// `runtime::init`.
pub(crate) fn install_once() {
    INSTALL.call_once(|| unsafe {
        let mut sa: libc::sigaction = std::mem::zeroed();
        sa.sa_sigaction = handler as *const () as usize;
        sa.sa_flags = libc::SA_SIGINFO | libc::SA_ONSTACK;
        libc::sigemptyset(&mut sa.sa_mask);
        let prior = &mut *std::ptr::addr_of_mut!(PRIOR);
        libc::sigaction(libc::SIGSEGV, &sa, prior.as_mut_ptr());
    });
}

/// Register this OS thread's altstack (idempotent per thread). Called at
/// `schedule_loop` entry, so every thread that can run an actor has one.
pub(crate) fn register_altstack() {
    ALTSTACK_SET.with(|set| {
        if set.get() {
            return;
        }
        unsafe {
            let sp = libc::mmap(
                std::ptr::null_mut(),
                ALTSTACK_SIZE,
                libc::PROT_READ | libc::PROT_WRITE,
                libc::MAP_PRIVATE | libc::MAP_ANONYMOUS,
                -1,
                0,
            );
            if sp == libc::MAP_FAILED {
                // Degrade: no altstack means a guard hit dies without the
                // message (handler can't run) — the pre-RFC behavior, never
                // incorrectness.
                return;
            }
            let ss = libc::stack_t {
                ss_sp: sp,
                ss_flags: 0,
                ss_size: ALTSTACK_SIZE,
            };
            libc::sigaltstack(&ss, std::ptr::null_mut());
        }
        set.set(true);
    });
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// The handler
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

unsafe extern "C" fn handler(
    _sig: libc::c_int,
    info: *mut libc::siginfo_t,
    _ctx: *mut libc::c_void,
) {
    let slot_ptr = crate::preempt::current_slot_ptr();
    if !slot_ptr.is_null() {
        let slot = &*slot_ptr;
        let top = slot.diag_stack_top.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
        if top != 0 {
            let reserve = slot.diag_stack_reserve.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            let guard = slot.diag_stack_guard.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            let pid = slot.diag_pid.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            let addr = (*info).si_addr() as usize;
            match classify(addr, top, reserve, guard) {
                FaultClass::Guard => {
                    let mut b = Buf::new();
                    b.s("smarm: actor ");
                    b.pid(pid);
                    b.s(" overflowed its stack: fault in the guard region, depth-at-fault=");
                    b.u(top - addr);
                    b.s(" bytes (reserve=");
                    b.u(reserve);
                    b.s(", guard=");
                    b.u(guard);
                    b.s("). Raise stack_reserve (SpawnOpts or Config).\n");
                    b.emit();
                    die_by_default();
                    return;
                }
                FaultClass::Overshoot(below) => {
                    let mut b = Buf::new();
                    b.s("smarm: actor ");
                    b.pid(pid);
                    b.s(" probably overflowed its stack: fault ");
                    b.u(below);
                    b.s(" bytes below the guard - an unprobed (FFI?) frame stepped over it (reserve=");
                    b.u(reserve);
                    b.s(", guard=");
                    b.u(guard);
                    b.s("). Raise stack_guard or stack_reserve.\n");
                    b.emit();
                    die_by_default();
                    return;
                }
                FaultClass::Foreign => {}
            }
        }
    }
    // Not ours: put back whoever was there before us and refault into them.
    let prior = &*std::ptr::addr_of!(PRIOR);
    libc::sigaction(libc::SIGSEGV, prior.as_ptr(), std::ptr::null_mut());
}

/// Reset SIGSEGV to default disposition; returning from the handler then
/// refaults at the same instruction and the process dies the normal death
/// (core-dumpable, correct wait status), exactly as if we were never here —
/// but with the message already on stderr.
unsafe fn die_by_default() {
    let mut dfl: libc::sigaction = std::mem::zeroed();
    dfl.sa_sigaction = libc::SIG_DFL;
    libc::sigemptyset(&mut dfl.sa_mask);
    libc::sigaction(libc::SIGSEGV, &dfl, std::ptr::null_mut());
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Async-signal-safe formatting: fixed buffer, decimal itoa, one write(2).
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

struct Buf {
    b: [u8; 320],
    len: usize,
}

impl Buf {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Buf {
            b: [0; 320],
            len: 0,
        }
    }
    fn s(&mut self, s: &str) {
        for &c in s.as_bytes() {
            if self.len < self.b.len() {
                self.b[self.len] = c;
                self.len += 1;
            }
        }
    }
    fn u(&mut self, mut n: usize) {
        let mut tmp = [0u8; 20];
        let mut i = tmp.len();
        loop {
            i -= 1;
            tmp[i] = b'0' + (n % 10) as u8;
            n /= 10;
            if n == 0 {
                break;
            }
        }
        for &c in &tmp[i..] {
            if self.len < self.b.len() {
                self.b[self.len] = c;
                self.len += 1;
            }
        }
    }
    /// `idx.gen`, unpacked from the install-time packing.
    fn pid(&mut self, packed: u64) {
        self.u((packed >> 32) as usize);
        self.s(".");
        self.u((packed & 0xffff_ffff) as usize);
    }
    fn emit(&self) {
        unsafe {
            libc::write(2, self.b.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_void, self.len);
        }
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Classifier units — the arithmetic edges, before anything integrates.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::{classify, FaultClass, OVERSHOOT_SLOP};

    const PG: usize = 4096;
    // A synthetic stack far from address-space edges: top at 1 GiB.
    const TOP: usize = 1 << 30;
    const RESERVE: usize = 16 * PG;
    const GUARD: usize = 4 * PG;
    const GUARD_HI: usize = TOP - RESERVE;
    const GUARD_LO: usize = GUARD_HI - GUARD;

    #[test]
    fn inside_guard_both_edges() {
        assert_eq!(classify(GUARD_LO, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD), FaultClass::Guard);
        assert_eq!(
            classify(GUARD_HI - 1, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD),
            FaultClass::Guard
        );
        assert_eq!(
            classify(GUARD_LO + GUARD / 2, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD),
            FaultClass::Guard
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn usable_region_is_foreign() {
        // A fault inside the RW stack itself isn't a guard hit and must not
        // be explained as one.
        assert_eq!(classify(GUARD_HI, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD), FaultClass::Foreign);
        assert_eq!(classify(TOP - 1, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD), FaultClass::Foreign);
    }

    #[test]
    fn above_top_is_foreign() {
        assert_eq!(classify(TOP, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD), FaultClass::Foreign);
        assert_eq!(classify(TOP + PG, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD), FaultClass::Foreign);
    }

    #[test]
    fn overshoot_window_edges() {
        assert_eq!(
            classify(GUARD_LO - 1, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD),
            FaultClass::Overshoot(1)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            classify(GUARD_LO - OVERSHOOT_SLOP, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD),
            FaultClass::Overshoot(OVERSHOOT_SLOP)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            classify(GUARD_LO - OVERSHOOT_SLOP - 1, TOP, RESERVE, GUARD),
            FaultClass::Foreign
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn low_address_stack_saturates_not_wraps() {
        // A stack mapped so low that the slop window would underflow: the
        // window clips to 0 instead of wrapping around the address space.
        let top = RESERVE + GUARD + PG; // guard_lo == PG
        assert_eq!(classify(0, top, RESERVE, GUARD), FaultClass::Overshoot(PG));
        // Null-page fault still classified only because it IS within slop
        // here; with a normal-height stack it is Foreign (covered above by
        // the window-edge test at realistic addresses).
    }
}