feat(monitor): unidirectional one-shot process monitors

`monitor(pid) -> Receiver<Down>` lets any actor watch any other and
receive a single Down{pid, reason} when it terminates. Generalizes the
existing single supervisor_channel (which is just a hard-wired monitor
the parent installs at spawn).

- src/monitor.rs: Down / DownReason{Exit,Panic,NoProc} + monitor().
  Payload-free: a panic payload has one owner and goes to the joiner via
  JoinError, so monitors learn only that it panicked. Monitoring an
  already-gone pid yields NoProc immediately.
- runtime: Slot grows `monitors: Vec<Sender<Down>>`; finalize_actor
  drains and notifies them outside the shared lock (send can unpark a
  receiver, which re-takes the non-reentrant mutex). Cleared in
  reclaim_slot and on slot reuse at spawn.
- Registration and finalize both serialize on the shared mutex, so a
  target alive at registration always delivers a real Down (no race
  between liveness check and registration).

tests/monitor.rs: Exit, Panic, NoProc-on-dead-target, and fan-out to
multiple monitors. Full suite green.

src/lib.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub mod supervisor;
 pub mod timer;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod mutex;
+pub mod monitor;
 pub mod runtime;
 pub mod trace;
 
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ static ALLOCATOR: preempt::PreemptingAllocator = preempt::PreemptingAllocator;
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 pub use channel::{channel, Receiver, RecvError, Sender};
+pub use monitor::{monitor, Down, DownReason};
 pub use mutex::{LockTimeout, Mutex, MutexGuard};
 pub use pid::Pid;
 pub use runtime::{init, Config, Runtime};

src/monitor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+//! Process monitors.
+//!
+//! `monitor(target)` asks the runtime to deliver a single [`Down`] when
+//! `target` terminates, and hands back the [`Receiver`] to read it from. A
+//! monitor is:
+//!
+//!   - **unidirectional** — the watcher learns of the target's death, but the
+//!     target learns nothing of the watcher, and the watcher is unaffected by
+//!     the death beyond the notification (contrast a *link*, which propagates
+//!     failure);
+//!   - **one-shot** — exactly one `Down` is ever sent for a given monitor.
+//!     The returned channel closes afterwards, so a second `recv()` yields
+//!     `Err(RecvError)`.
+//!
+//! This generalizes the older single-`supervisor_channel` mechanism: a
+//! supervisor is just a hard-wired monitor that the parent installs at spawn
+//! time. Here any actor may monitor any pid, any number of times.
+//!
+//! ## Reasons
+//!
+//! [`DownReason`] is deliberately payload-free. A panicking actor's payload
+//! has a single owner and is delivered to whoever `join()`s the actor (as
+//! `JoinError`); a monitor only learns *that* it panicked, not the value.
+//! Monitoring a pid that is already gone (reclaimed, or never alive) yields
+//! [`DownReason::NoProc`] immediately, mirroring Erlang's `noproc`.
+//!
+//! ## Races
+//!
+//! Registration (below) and `finalize_actor` (in `runtime`) both run under the
+//! shared-state mutex, so a target that is still alive when its monitor is
+//! registered is guaranteed to deliver a real `Down`; there is no window in
+//! which the death slips between the liveness check and the registration.
+
+use crate::channel::{channel, Receiver};
+use crate::pid::Pid;
+use crate::runtime::State;
+use crate::scheduler::with_runtime;
+
+/// Why a monitored actor went down.
+///
+/// `Copy` because it carries no payload — see the module docs for why the
+/// panic payload is *not* included here.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DownReason {
+    /// The target returned normally.
+    Exit,
+    /// The target panicked. The payload is delivered to the actor's joiner,
+    /// not to monitors.
+    Panic,
+    /// The target was already gone (finished and reclaimed, or never alive)
+    /// at the moment `monitor()` was called.
+    NoProc,
+}
+
+/// A monitored actor's termination notice.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Down {
+    /// The pid that was being monitored.
+    pub pid: Pid,
+    /// How it went down.
+    pub reason: DownReason,
+}
+
+/// Monitor `target`. Returns a channel that will receive exactly one [`Down`].
+///
+/// If `target` is still live, the `Down` arrives when it terminates. If
+/// `target` is already gone, a [`DownReason::NoProc`] `Down` is queued
+/// immediately so the caller's `recv()` returns without parking.
+pub fn monitor(target: Pid) -> Receiver<Down> {
+    let (tx, rx) = channel::<Down>();
+
+    // Register under the shared lock. We clone the sender into the target's
+    // monitor list and keep the original for the NoProc fallback; we must not
+    // send while holding the lock, since `Sender::send` can call back into the
+    // runtime (to unpark a parked receiver) and the shared mutex is not
+    // reentrant.
+    let registered = with_runtime(|inner| {
+        inner.with_shared(|s| match s.slot_mut(target) {
+            Some(slot) if !matches!(slot.state, State::Done) => {
+                slot.monitors.push(tx.clone());
+                true
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        })
+    });
+
+    if !registered {
+        let _ = tx.send(Down { pid: target, reason: DownReason::NoProc });
+    }
+
+    rx
+}

src/runtime.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ use crate::actor::{
 use crate::channel::Sender;
 use crate::context::{get_actor_sp, set_actor_sp, switch_to_actor};
 use crate::io::IoThread;
+use crate::monitor::{Down, DownReason};
 use crate::pid::Pid;
 use crate::preempt::PREEMPTION_ENABLED;
 use crate::supervisor::Signal;
@@ -223,6 +224,10 @@ pub(crate) struct Slot {
     pub(crate) waiters: Vec<Pid>,
     pub(crate) outcome: Option<Outcome>,
     pub(crate) supervisor_channel: Option<Sender<Signal>>,
+    /// Watchers registered via `monitor()`. Each receives one `Down` when this
+    /// actor terminates (drained in `finalize_actor`). Distinct from
+    /// `supervisor_channel`, which is the parent's single funnel.
+    pub(crate) monitors: Vec<Sender<Down>>,
     pub(crate) outstanding_handles: u32,
     pub(crate) pending_io_result: Option<crate::io::IoResult>,
     /// Set by `unpark()` when the actor is still running (not yet Parked).
@@ -240,6 +245,7 @@ impl Slot {
             waiters: Vec::new(),
             outcome: None,
             supervisor_channel: None,
+            monitors: Vec::new(),
             outstanding_handles: 0,
             pending_io_result: None,
             pending_unpark: false,
@@ -516,6 +522,7 @@ pub(crate) fn reclaim_slot(s: &mut SharedState, pid: Pid) {
     slot.outcome = None;
     slot.waiters.clear();
     slot.supervisor_channel = None;
+    slot.monitors.clear();
     slot.state = State::Done;
     slot.outstanding_handles = 0;
     slot.pending_unpark = false;
@@ -528,15 +535,16 @@ pub(crate) fn reclaim_slot(s: &mut SharedState, pid: Pid) {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 fn finalize_actor(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, pid: Pid, outcome: Outcome) {
-    let (joiner_outcome, sup_signal) = match outcome {
-        Outcome::Exit => (Outcome::Exit, Signal::Exit(pid)),
+    let (joiner_outcome, sup_signal, down_reason) = match outcome {
+        Outcome::Exit => (Outcome::Exit, Signal::Exit(pid), DownReason::Exit),
         Outcome::Panic(payload) => (
             Outcome::Panic(payload),
             Signal::Panic(pid, Box::new(()) as Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>),
+            DownReason::Panic,
         ),
     };
 
-    let (waiters, supervisor_pid, recycled_stack) = inner.with_shared(|s| {
+    let (waiters, supervisor_pid, monitors, recycled_stack) = inner.with_shared(|s| {
         let slot = s.slot_mut(pid).expect("finalize_actor: slot vanished");
         let sup = slot.actor.as_ref().map(|a| a.supervisor);
         // Extract the stack before clearing the actor so we can recycle it
@@ -544,7 +552,8 @@ fn finalize_actor(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, pid: Pid, outcome: Outcome) {
         let stack = slot.actor.take().map(|a| a.stack);
         slot.outcome = Some(joiner_outcome);
         slot.state = State::Done;
-        (std::mem::take(&mut slot.waiters), sup, stack)
+        let monitors = std::mem::take(&mut slot.monitors);
+        (std::mem::take(&mut slot.waiters), sup, monitors, stack)
     });
 
     // Return the stack to the pool outside the shared lock.  The pool grows
@@ -568,6 +577,13 @@ fn finalize_actor(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, pid: Pid, outcome: Outcome) {
         }
     }
 
+    // Notify monitors. Sent outside the shared lock for the same reason as the
+    // supervisor signal: `send` may unpark a parked receiver, which re-takes
+    // the shared mutex.
+    for m in monitors {
+        let _ = m.send(Down { pid, reason: down_reason });
+    }
+
     // Unpark joiners.
     for joiner in waiters {
         crate::scheduler::unpark(joiner);

src/scheduler.rs

@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ pub fn spawn_under(supervisor: Pid, f: impl FnOnce() + Send + 'static) -> JoinHa
             slot.outcome = None;
             slot.waiters.clear();
             slot.supervisor_channel = None;
+            slot.monitors.clear();
             slot.pending_unpark = false;
             slot.pending_io_result = None;
             s.run_queue.push_back(pid);