release: v0.7.0

Bump crate version to 0.7.0.

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "smarm"
-version = "0.6.1"
+version = "0.7.0"
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.95"
 

README.md

@@ -54,6 +54,29 @@ run(|| {
 });
 ```
 
+## Stopping actors
+
+Two strengths, as in OTP. `request_stop(pid)` is `exit(Pid, kill)`: a cooperative
+hard stop, unwinding at the actor's next observation point. `request_shutdown(pid)`
+is `exit(Pid, shutdown)`: an actor that traps exits (`trap_exit()`, or
+`ctx.trap_exit()` in a gen_server / `cx.trap_exit()` in a gen_statem) receives it
+as a signal — `handle_shutdown` / a `shutdown` row — and may drain before stopping
+itself; one that does not trap is stopped outright. Supervisors trap:
+`request_shutdown(sup)` tears the tree down top-down, each child per its
+`ChildSpec` `Shutdown` policy (`Timeout(d)`, `Infinity`, `BrutalKill`). The run's
+root actor returning means "the program is done": every top-level actor gets a
+`request_shutdown`, and `run()` returns when they are gone. From outside the
+runtime (a signal thread), `Runtime::handle().request_shutdown(pid)` does the
+same. `examples/graceful_shutdown.rs` shows all of it.
+
+A gen_server or gen_statem lives until it stops, is shut down, or is killed; its
+refs are addresses — dropping them never ends it (a forgotten one is swept at
+root exit; with `--features smarm-trace` each such sweep is a `root_sweep`
+trace line). The supervised shape is `GenServerBuilder::named(N).run()` /
+`gen_statem::run_named(N, m)`: the server runs inline as the `ChildSpec` child
+itself, so the supervisor's shutdown reaches it directly, a restart re-binds the
+name, and the program addresses it by name.
+
 ## Layout
 
 ```

ROADMAP.md

@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ Delivered surface:
   `ServerBuilder::start` untouched; free `call` / `cast` / `whereis_server`;
   `ServerRef::shutdown` + free `shutdown` as the sys-style synchronous stop.
 - **Root-exit teardown** (final phase): the run's initial actor is the root;
-  when it exits, the scheduler's idle verdict stops the parked-forever remainder
+  when it exits the run winds down. *(Reworked with the graceful-shutdown work:
-  (deferred past the queue drain, so actors with in-flight work finish rather
+  root exit now delivers `request_shutdown` to every forest root — see
-  than unwinding on the stop). Closes the "app actor blocks AllDone" stall — see
+  "Root exit" below and `tests/root_exit.rs`.)* Closes the "app actor blocks
-  Look into, below.
+  AllDone" stall — see Look into, below.
 
 Extends — does not retire — the "select exists; a unified per-process mailbox
 still does not" invariant: 014 adds addressable *delivery*, not a unified inbox;
@@ -260,8 +260,52 @@ path the atomic-bool workaround stood in for. Re-check the urus crud repro to
 confirm the workaround can be retired (the teardown is cooperative — an actor in
 a tight loop with no observation point still can't be stopped).
 
+**Update (graceful shutdown):** the RFC 014 sweep was a hard `request_stop` of
+every live slot, deferred until nothing was runnable — which killed a sleeping
+actor (timer pending) but drained a queued one, for no principled reason. It is
+now the OTP semantics: root exit = "the program is done" = `request_shutdown`
+to every **forest root** (live actor whose parent is the run or is dead), run
+synchronously on the root's finalize path. Supervisors cascade with their child
+`Shutdown` policies; trapping actors may `Continue`/drain (timers keep working)
+and end the run when they stop themselves; non-trapping actors are stopped
+outright — `join` what you need finished. No forcing sweep follows.
+
 ---
 
+### Open items from the graceful-shutdown work (not scheduled)
+- ~~gen_server / gen_statem as a direct supervised child.~~ Done: lifetime is
+  the actor's (refs are addresses, the loop holds an inbox sender);
+  `NamedGenServerBuilder::run` / `gen_statem::run_named` run the loop inline as
+  the `ChildSpec` child; the root-exit sweep traces each leftover as
+  `root_sweep` under `smarm-trace`.
+- Supervisor `Live` drop-guard sweep is `request_stop` (kill propagates as
+  kill); OTP would deliver a trappable `killed`. Chosen for boundedness.
+- A root-exit shutdown reaches only actors live *at that instant*; a
+  non-trapping forest root that spawns before it unwinds leaves that spawn
+  to itself (Erlang: an unlinked spawn is nobody's child).
+- **Supervisor start *order* is not start *readiness*.** `start_child`
+  spawns and moves straight on, so an earlier child is merely *scheduled*,
+  not initialised, when a later sibling starts. A later child that resolves
+  an earlier one by name (`whereis_server`) can therefore miss it — the
+  classic "named registry sibling, then its consumers" tree. Ordered
+  `OneForOne`/`RestForOne` shutdown is unaffected (reverse order is honoured
+  and each stop *is* awaited); this is a start-side gap only.
+  Making `spawn` itself block does NOT fix it — it would only shrink the
+  window to "child has begun executing", while the property callers need is
+  "child has bound its name / opened its socket", which only the child can
+  declare. It would also tax the hot path (one round-trip per accepted
+  connection) and turn every spawn into a context-switch point. OTP has the
+  same async `spawn` and puts the synchronisation one level up:
+  `gen_server:start_link` blocks the caller until `init/1` returns.
+  Fix shape when scheduled: a readiness ack in the supervisor's child-start
+  path (`ChildSpec` variant whose factory receives a ready-signal;
+  `NamedGenServerBuilder::run` acks after its name bind, gen_server default
+  acks after `init`; plain closures ack at spawn as today, i.e. opt-in with
+  no cost to existing children). Until then the workaround is structural:
+  have the registrar spawn its own consumers so the ordering is program
+  order inside one actor, not a cross-actor guarantee (urus v0.3 endpoint
+  does exactly this).
+
 ## Invariants & gotchas (respect these across all cycles)
 
 - **Shared mutex is non-reentrant.** `Sender::send` can call `unpark` →

TODO_HANDOFF.md

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# urus / smarm handoff — updated 2026-08-19 (session 3)
+
+## TL;DR for the next session
+**smarm is done for now** (5 unpushed commits on local `master`, see below).
+**Next = urus v0.3 endpoint refactor.** You should NOT need to read smarm
+scheduler internals; the contract you build on is fully described here and in
+`smarm_full/examples/graceful_shutdown.rs` (read that file first — it is the
+exact shape urus's tree will take) plus `smarm_full/tests/root_exit.rs`.
+
+### The smarm contract urus builds on (all on local master, verified by tests)
+- `request_stop(pid)` = kill (cooperative hard stop). `request_shutdown(pid)` =
+  polite: trapping target gets `ExitSignal{reason: Shutdown}`, non-trapping is
+  stopped outright. `RuntimeHandle::{request_stop,request_shutdown}` do the same
+  from any OS thread (signal handler); grab `rt.handle()` before `rt.run`.
+- Supervisor traps; `request_shutdown(sup)` = ordered reverse-start shutdown,
+  per-child `ChildSpec::shutdown(Shutdown::{Timeout(d)|Infinity|BrutalKill})`
+  (default Timeout(5s)); sup then returns normally. `request_stop(sup)`
+  hard-stops children too (no orphans).
+- gen_server: `ctx.trap_exit()` in init; `handle_shutdown() -> Exit|Continue`;
+  `handle_exit(sig)`; `ctx.stop_handle().stop()` = normal self-exit;
+  `terminate()` may block only on the graceful path (Exit / stop / inbox close).
+  `GenServerRef::shutdown()` is graceful and waits.
+- gen_statem: same in event clothes — `cx.trap_exit()` in initial enter,
+  `shutdown` rows (default `stop`), `exit sig` rows, `cx.stop()` / `stop` tail,
+  optional `terminate { }` block. `GenStatemRef::shutdown()`.
+- **Root exit = program done**: when the root actor returns, the runtime
+  `request_shutdown`s every *forest root* (live actor whose parent is the run
+  or dead). Supervisors cascade; trapping actors may drain (timers keep
+  working) and end the run when they stop; non-trapping are stopped; **no
+  forcing sweep** (`join` what must finish). The old "wait until nothing
+  runnable then kill all" deferral is gone.
+- **Gotcha for urus:** a gen_server's lifetime is governed by its refs — drop
+  the last `GenServerRef` and the inbox closes → clean exit *even mid-drain*.
+  The endpoint must be pinned (named, or its ref held by the supervisor
+  wrapper) or it will terminate the moment the root drops its ref.
+- **Known gap (ROADMAP open item):** a gen_server can't be a direct `ChildSpec`
+  child; use the trapping wrapper pattern in `examples/graceful_shutdown.rs::
+  drainer_child` (starts `under(self_pid())`, forwards shutdown, waits). Doing
+  an inline `GenServerBuilder::run()` first may be worth a short smarm detour —
+  decide with Markk.
+
+### smarm commits this session (local master, NOT pushed, NOT tagged)
+`250f312` root-exit = graceful shutdown of forest roots (tests/root_exit.rs)
+`6ceb138` gen_statem shutdown parity (tests/gen_statem_shutdown.rs)
+`849a424` docs + examples/graceful_shutdown.rs + README "Stopping actors"
+On top of `1002777` (cross-thread wake) and `9c8f59c` (graceful shutdown).
+Cargo.toml still `0.6.1`. Release cut (push, tag — v0.7 is justified by the
+API surface — version bump) is Markk's. Full suite, doc tests, examples,
+`cargo fmt`, `cargo clippy --lib` all clean. (`clippy --tests` has pre-existing
+unwrap lints in tests/fd_select.rs, untouched.)
+
+### Decisions taken this session (Markk)
+- Root exit means "program done" (Go/tokio/OTP), not "wait for pending work";
+  the previously agreed "sleep(50ms) must finish" test was dropped as encoding
+  the wrong contract (a timer-wheel gate would re-wedge periodic-timer daemons).
+- No behaviour-preserving deferral, no forcing second sweep.
+- Examples/docs done in the same session; urus next session.
+
+---
+# Previous handoff (still accurate where not superseded above)
+
+
+## Next-session goal
+Phase 1 is **done and committed**; Phase 2 is next:
+1. **smarm v0.6.2** — cross-thread wake root fix. **DONE**, committed on `master`
+   as `1002777`. Not yet tagged, not yet version-bumped (Cargo.toml still reads
+   `0.6.1`), and **not yet pushed to origin** — it exists only in the delivered
+   snapshot zip and the local sandbox clone. Cutting the release (push + tag
+   `v0.6.2` + bump `0.6.1`→`0.6.2`) is Markk's step.
+2. **urus v0.3** — endpoint refactor. Working against `smarm = { path = "../smarm_full" }`
+   with `git update-index --skip-worktree Cargo.toml` (Markk approved); release commit
+   swaps back to the tag once Markk cuts it. Phase 2 plan below is STALE where it says
+   drain-in-terminate; the endpoint is a trapping GenServer: `handle_shutdown` →
+   `Continue`, enter Draining, `StopHandle::stop()` when the conn set empties.
+
+Decisions below are locked unless marked *(confirm)*.
+
+## Reconstruction (the sandbox resets between sessions)
+A fresh sandbox has an empty home and **no Rust toolchain**. To restore:
+- Install rustup/cargo. smarm reformats under **rustc 1.97.1**; urus `rust-version`
+  is 1.95. Use 1.97.1.
+- urus: `git clone https://git.kalsbeek.dev/Markk116/urus` — `origin` is registered
+  and public-read. master `8bdec97` = the v0.2.x line. (Zips in outputs are stale;
+  prefer the remote now.)
+- smarm: `git clone https://git.kalsbeek.dev/Markk116/smarm`. Latest tag **v0.6.1**
+  (`ca1c983`). The cross-thread wake fix is committed as `1002777` on top of the
+  post-v0.6.1 README commit `8f2d513` (= origin/master). **It is NOT on origin
+  yet** — a fresh clone won't have it until Markk pushes. Restore it from the
+  snapshot zip if working before the push. **v0.6.2 is not yet tagged.**
+- urus pins smarm by git **tag** in `Cargo.toml` (currently `v0.6.0`). A trivial
+  first commit bumps it to `v0.6.1` (also picks up `try_spawn` + monitor
+  terminal-outcome fixes).
+
+## Why (context — the finding that drives the plan)
+urus's shutdown machinery (the `AtomicBool` listener flag + the `SHUTDOWN_POLL`
+loop in `serve.rs`) is scaffolding around two smarm properties. Their statuses
+differ, which is the whole point:
+
+- **Issue A — lossy stop vs a QUEUED actor: ALREADY FIXED in smarm.** Commit
+  `7bab4d2` added an entry-side `check_cancelled()` in `park_current`. A
+  `request_stop` against a listener parked in `wait_readable_timeout` now unwinds
+  cleanly (it parks via `try_select_timeout → park_current`). urus's flag + its
+  stale "smarm's lossy stop-while-QUEUED window" comment can be deleted.
+- **Issue B — foreign-thread wake is a no-op: FIXED in `1002777` (was present
+  through v0.6.1).** The gap: `unpark`/`unpark_at`/`request_stop` all route through
+  `try_with_runtime`, which reads a thread-local that is `None` on any non-scheduler
+  thread, so no cross-thread wake worked — a signal handler / OS thread could not
+  wake *or* stop a parked actor, which is why `serve.rs` polls the shutdown signal
+  instead of parking on it. Now closed (see Phase 1 below): urus's `SHUTDOWN_POLL`
+  loop can be deleted and its `Handle::shutdown` can park on a handle-driven stop.
+
+## Phase 1 — smarm cross-thread wake (root fix) — DONE (`1002777`)
+Shipped as one commit generalizing RFC 018 (a producer reaches the runtime through
+a `Weak` it holds) from the IO backend to channel senders and a new handle:
+- **`Runtime::handle() -> RuntimeHandle`** (`Send + Sync`), holding a
+  `Weak<RuntimeInner>`. Grab it before `rt.run` and hand it to the signal thread.
+- **`RuntimeHandle::request_stop<A>(Pid<A>)`** — upgrades the Weak and calls
+  `request_stop_inner` on the inner; no-op if the runtime is gone. This is the
+  signal-handler-drives-shutdown path; it cascades the ordered stop down the tree
+  exactly like an in-runtime `request_stop`.
+- **Send-wake:** the receiver captures `scheduler::runtime_weak()` into its
+  `parked_receiver` tuple **at park time** (not at channel creation — the resolved
+  sub-decision; a parked receiver is a live actor so the Weak is provably upgradable,
+  and it scopes the capture to when a wake is possible). `send()` and last-sender
+  `drop` wake via `scheduler::unpark_at_via(pid, epoch, &weak)`: thread-local path
+  when on a scheduler thread (preempt-gated, slot-eligible), captured Weak otherwise.
+  In-runtime timer wakes (recv/select) were left on `scheduler::unpark_at`.
+
+**API scope decision (signed off):** `RuntimeHandle` exposes **`request_stop` only**.
+No public `unpark`/`unpark_at` on the handle — send-wake needs no user-facing handle,
+and "unpark off-runtime" is covered because `request_stop` drives `unpark` on the
+upgraded inner. No `is_alive()`. Both are one-line additions if a consumer appears.
+
+**No RFC written** — pattern was already established (RFC 018), agreed not needed.
+
+Tests: `tests/cross_thread_wake.rs` (foreign-thread send wakes a parked receiver;
+foreign-thread `request_stop` wakes+stops a parked actor; a lingering handle never
+blocks all-done and degrades to a no-op once the runtime drops). Full suite green;
+`cargo fmt` + `cargo clippy --lib` clean.
+
+**Remaining release step (Markk):** push `master`, tag `v0.6.2`, bump Cargo.toml
+`0.6.1`→`0.6.2`. Left paired with the tag as the release cut, not done in `1002777`.
+
+## Phase 1b — smarm graceful shutdown (OTP lift) — DONE (`9c8f59c`, on top of `1002777`)
+Decided this session (Markk): B — fix at the smarm level rather than a two-stop
+split in urus. No RFC (Markk: "just implement it"). Shipped, tested, committed on
+the local `master`, **not pushed, not tagged**. It should ship as the same
+release as 1002777 (v0.6.2, or v0.7 given the API surface — Markk's call).
+- `request_shutdown(pid)` / `RuntimeHandle::request_shutdown` = `exit(Pid, shutdown)`;
+  `request_stop` = `exit(Pid, kill)`. Trapping target gets `ExitSignal{reason:
+  DownReason::Shutdown}`; non-trapping is stopped outright.
+- `ChildSpec::shutdown(Shutdown::{BrutalKill, Timeout(d), Infinity})`, default 5s.
+  Supervisor traps exits; `request_shutdown(sup)` = ordered top-down shutdown,
+  returns normally. **Also fixed**: `request_stop(sup)` used to ORPHAN children
+  (probe-verified; the handoff's "cascade" claim was wrong) — `Live` drop guard now
+  hard-stops them.
+- gen_server: `ctx.trap_exit()`, `handle_shutdown() -> ShutdownAction::{Exit,
+  Continue}`, `handle_exit(ExitSignal)`, `ctx.stop_handle().stop()` = normal
+  self-exit (`{stop, normal}`; previously impossible — only abnormal `Stopped`).
+  `GenServerRef::shutdown()` is graceful now.
+- Root finding that forced this: gen_server `terminate()` runs from a Drop guard,
+  mid-unwind on the stop path; any park in it = double panic = abort. So
+  "drain-in-terminate()" (the old Phase 2 plan) was never viable.
+
+### ~~Next-session smarm work~~ DONE this session (see TL;DR)
+1. **Root-exit sweep**: make `Pop::RootDrain` also require an empty timer wheel
+   (and it already requires nothing runnable; io_out is only checked for AllDone —
+   check whether it should gate RootDrain too). TDD: an actor in `sleep(50ms)` when
+   the root returns must finish, not be swept. Then a `Reservoir`-style test that a
+   *truly* parked-forever daemon still gets swept.
+2. **gen_statem parity**: `ctx.trap_exit()`, `handle_shutdown -> ShutdownAction`,
+   `handle_exit`, stop handle. Mirror gen_server; mechanical.
+3. **Examples review**: `examples/*.rs` predate all of this. Rework where they show
+   shutdown/teardown to use `request_shutdown`, `Shutdown` policies, and
+   `StopHandle`; `named_genserver.rs` first (uses `shutdown`). Also
+   `docs/smarm - Deep Dive.html` says terminate() must be non-blocking — now only
+   true on the unwind paths; and README could use a "Stopping actors" paragraph
+   (request_stop = kill, request_shutdown = shutdown, Shutdown policy).
+
+### Open smarm items found on the way (noted, not scheduled)
+- (root-exit sweep and gen_statem parity moved up to the scheduled list.)
+- Sweep in the supervisor `Live` drop guard is `request_stop` (kill propagates as
+  kill); OTP would deliver a trappable `killed`. Chosen for boundedness.
+
+## Phase 2 — urus v0.3: endpoint refactor (after v0.6.2 is tagged)
+Target = the spec's original shape (`urus-spec.md` §2.1/§6: `listener_sup` under the
+**user's** root supervisor). Deviation to unwind: `serve` owning `rt.run`.
+- App owns the runtime: `smarm::init(cfg).run(|| root_sup.run())`, root e.g.
+  `RestForOne[ app actors…, urus::endpoint(config, pipeline) ]`. This is what kills
+  the `Arc<OnceLock>` idiom for the right reason (app state born in-runtime as a
+  supervised, ordered child).
+- `urus::endpoint` = one GenServer child owning the registry + an **internal**
+  listener sub-supervisor + drain-in-`terminate()`. Listeners stay internal, not
+  app-visible peers.
+- Shutdown = `request_stop` the root supervisor (or via the runtime handle from a
+  signal thread) → cascades down → `endpoint.terminate()` runs the drain
+  (`drain_timeout`, force-stop sweep).
+- **DELETE:** the `AtomicBool` listener flag (A fixed) and the `SHUTDOWN_POLL` loop
+  + its apologetic comment (B fixed → park, don't poll).
+- Nuance: `request_stop` → `Signal::Stopped` is *abnormal* → `Transient` restarts.
+  Stop-without-restart = stop the **supervisor**, not the children.
+- *(confirm)* Keep `serve`/`serve_with`/`serve_with_shutdown` as thin wrappers that
+  build the one-child tree internally, so the simple case stays one line.
+- *(confirm)* Keep `Handle`/`ShutdownSignal`? Now that cross-thread wake works,
+  `Handle::shutdown` can map to handle-driven `request_stop` on the endpoint.
+- Breaking → cut **urus v0.3**; bump the smarm pin to `v0.6.2` here.
+
+## Working norms
+- Every bash call: `export PATH=$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH` (once the toolchain's in).
+- **TDD**: failing test first, then implement; keep suites green.
+- **Hammer ritual** for ANY connection-lifecycle change (the urus #2 shutdown work
+  qualifies): 35× subset (`shutdown timeout reaped slowloris streaming chunked sse
+  stalled ws_ channels session`) + 3× full + 1× trace. `scripts/hammer.sh` does NOT
+  pass feature flags — loop manually with `--features phoenix`. Subset filter must
+  NOT use `--test integration` (session tests live in lib).
+- Example smoke tests: hold the server's stdin open (`mkfifo` + `sleep > fifo`) or
+  the Enter-to-shutdown thread fires on EOF instantly.
+- Background procs are reaped BETWEEN bash calls; `pkill -f` matches your own shell.
+- Artefact store (specs): `curl -H "Authorization: Bearer sk-llmingest-2e45d80c63db24c6781e761eb2a9a58e83d9f48ef77a42185bad311d07c80e68" https://artefacts.kalsbeek.dev/artifacts/<name>`
+  — `urus-spec.md`, `urus-bench-spec.md`, `rfc_008-implementation-notes.md`, …
+- smarm feature flags: `smarm-trace`, `smarm-causal` (urus re-exports both).
+
+## Local cross-repo testing — KEEP OUT OF COMMITS
+To test urus #2 against un-tagged smarm 0.6.2, point urus's `Cargo.toml` smarm dep
+at a local path (`smarm = { path = "../smarm" }`) instead of the git tag.
+- Must NOT land in commits. Guard: `git update-index --skip-worktree Cargo.toml`
+  after editing (undo with `--no-skip-worktree`), or stash before committing.
+- The committed `Cargo.toml` stays pinned to the git tag; restore the tag (bumped to
+  `v0.6.2`) for the release commit.

docs/smarm - Deep Dive.html

@@ -1620,8 +1620,9 @@
   wait: <code>select</code> priority is <strong>Down arms › Watcher arm › info channels (declaration order) ›
   inbox</strong>, rebuilt each turn. A hot inbox can't starve a death notice or a system message;
   conversely a hot info channel <em>can</em> starve the inbox — deliberately. A closed info arm is
-  silently dropped from the set; a closed <em>inbox</em> (every <code>ServerRef</code> gone) is graceful
+  silently dropped from the set. The inbox never closes — the loop holds one sender for its whole
-  shutdown.</p>
+  life, so a <code>GenServerRef</code> is an address, not an owner: the server ends only by
+  <code>StopHandle::stop</code>, a shutdown, a hard stop, or a panic.</p>
 
   <h3>Death needs no monitor</h3>
   <p>Server death detection falls out of channel closure. Already dead → the inbox is closed and
@@ -1700,7 +1701,7 @@
     </div>
     <div class="module-card">
       <div class="module-name" style="color:var(--red)">Panics in <code>terminate()</code></div>
-      <p>gen_server's <code>terminate()</code> runs from a drop guard, possibly mid-unwind. A panic inside it during an unwind is a double panic → process abort, no supervision tree to save you. Keep it cheap, non-blocking, non-panicking.</p>
+      <p>gen_server's <code>terminate()</code> runs from a drop guard, possibly mid-unwind. A panic inside it during an unwind is a double panic → process abort, no supervision tree to save you. On the panic and hard-stop paths keep it cheap, non-blocking, non-panicking. Only the graceful path (<code>handle_shutdown → Exit</code>, <code>StopHandle::stop</code>) runs it outside an unwind, where it may do real work.</p>
     </div>
     <div class="module-card">
       <div class="module-name" style="color:var(--yellow)">Cold locks are leaf locks</div>

examples/graceful_shutdown.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+//! Graceful shutdown, end to end: a supervised app tree, a server that
+//! drains before it exits, and the two ways the whole thing winds down.
+//!
+//! Stopping an actor comes in two strengths, as in OTP:
+//!   - `request_stop(pid)`      = `exit(Pid, kill)`: cooperative hard stop,
+//!                                unwinds at the next observation point.
+//!   - `request_shutdown(pid)`  = `exit(Pid, shutdown)`: a trapping target gets
+//!                                an `ExitSignal { reason: Shutdown }` and winds
+//!                                down on its own terms; a non-trapping one is
+//!                                stopped outright.
+//!
+//! A supervisor traps exits. `request_shutdown(sup)` runs its ordered
+//! shutdown — children in reverse start order, each per its `ChildSpec`
+//! `Shutdown` policy (`Timeout(d)` default 5s, `Infinity`, `BrutalKill`) —
+//! and the supervisor then returns normally.
+//!
+//! Two triggers are shown:
+//!   1. **Root exit.** The run's root actor returning means "the program is
+//!      done": the runtime delivers `request_shutdown` to every top-level actor
+//!      (here: the supervisor). Trapping actors may keep running to drain and
+//!      end the run when they stop themselves; non-trapping ones are stopped.
+//!   2. **An outside thread** (e.g. a signal handler) driving it via
+//!      `RuntimeHandle::request_shutdown` on the supervisor — the root then
+//!      just waits for the tree to come down.
+
+use smarm::gen_server::{
+    GenServer, GenServerBuilder, GenServerCtx, GenServerName, ShutdownAction, StopHandle,
+    TimerHandle,
+};
+use smarm::supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Shutdown};
+use smarm::{sleep, spawn};
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// A server with in-flight work: on shutdown it stops accepting, finishes what
+/// it has (simulated with a ticking timer), then ends itself.
+struct Drainer {
+    pending: u32,
+    stop: Option<StopHandle<Drainer>>,
+    timer: Option<TimerHandle<Drainer>>,
+}
+
+impl GenServer for Drainer {
+    type Call = ();
+    type Reply = ();
+    type Cast = ();
+    type Info = ();
+    type Timer = ();
+
+    fn init(&mut self, ctx: &GenServerCtx<Self>) {
+        ctx.trap_exit(); // opt in: shutdown arrives as handle_shutdown
+        self.stop = Some(ctx.stop_handle());
+        self.timer = Some(ctx.timer());
+    }
+    fn handle_call(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_cast(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_shutdown(&mut self) -> ShutdownAction {
+        println!(
+            "drainer: shutdown requested, {} items pending",
+            self.pending
+        );
+        self.timer
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .tick_every(Duration::from_millis(20), ());
+        ShutdownAction::Continue // keep serving until drained
+    }
+    fn handle_timer(&mut self, _: ()) {
+        self.pending -= 1;
+        if self.pending == 0 {
+            println!("drainer: drained, stopping");
+            self.stop.as_ref().unwrap().stop(); // normal exit
+        }
+    }
+    fn terminate(&mut self) {
+        // Graceful path: this runs on the normal path and may block.
+        println!("drainer: terminate");
+    }
+}
+
+/// The server's name: how the rest of the app reaches it (and the only handle
+/// that survives a restart).
+const DRAINER: GenServerName<Drainer> = GenServerName::new("drainer");
+
+fn app_tree() -> OneForOne {
+    OneForOne::new()
+        .child(
+            ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, || {
+                // A plain worker that does not trap: stopped outright on shutdown.
+                loop {
+                    sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+                }
+            })
+            .shutdown(Shutdown::Timeout(Duration::from_millis(100))),
+        )
+        // A gen_server is a direct child: `named(N).run()` runs the loop as
+        // the child actor itself, so the supervisor's shutdown arrives as
+        // `handle_shutdown` and a restart re-binds the name.
+        .child(
+            ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, || {
+                GenServerBuilder::new(Drainer {
+                    pending: 3,
+                    stop: None,
+                    timer: None,
+                })
+                .named(DRAINER)
+                .run()
+                .expect("drainer name is free");
+            })
+            .shutdown(Shutdown::Infinity),
+        )
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("--- 1. root exit drives the shutdown ---");
+    smarm::run(|| {
+        spawn(|| app_tree().run());
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)); // the app "runs" for a while
+                                          // Returning here asks the supervisor to shut down; the run ends when
+                                          // the tree — drainer included — is gone.
+    });
+
+    println!("--- 2. an outside thread drives the shutdown ---");
+    let rt = smarm::init(smarm::Config::default());
+    let handle = rt.handle(); // Send + Sync; grab it before run
+    rt.run(move || {
+        let sup = spawn(|| app_tree().run());
+        let sup_pid = sup.pid();
+        // Stand-in for a SIGTERM handler thread.
+        thread::spawn(move || {
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+            println!("signal thread: requesting shutdown");
+            handle.request_shutdown(sup_pid);
+        });
+        sup.join()
+            .expect("supervisor returns normally after ordered shutdown");
+        println!("supervisor down; root returns");
+    });
+}

examples/named_genserver.rs

@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@ fn main() {
         let svc: Option<GenServerRef<Counter>> = whereis_server(COUNTER);
         if let Some(svc) = svc {
             let _ = svc.call(Query::Get);
+            // A named server is pinned alive by the registry, so dropping refs
+            // does not end it. Stop it explicitly: `shutdown()` asks politely
+            // (a trapping server drains first; this one is stopped outright)
+            // and waits until it is gone. Left running, the root's return
+            // would shut it down the same way — see examples/graceful_shutdown.rs.
+            svc.shutdown();
         }
     });
 }

src/channel.rs

@@ -90,8 +90,9 @@
 
 use crate::pid::Pid;
 use crate::raw_mutex::RawMutex;
+use crate::runtime::RuntimeInner;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 
 /// Create a new channel and return its `(Sender, Receiver)` halves.
 ///
@@ -114,12 +115,15 @@ pub fn channel<T>() -> (Sender<T>, Receiver<T>) {
 
 struct Inner<T> {
     queue: VecDeque<T>,
-    /// The parked receiver's `(pid, park-epoch)`, if one is currently
+    /// The parked receiver's `(pid, park-epoch, runtime)`, if one is currently
     /// waiting. The epoch identifies exactly which wait this is, so a waker
     /// left over from a wait that already ended (a losing `select` arm, a
     /// `recv_timeout` whose timer fired after it was already satisfied) is
-    /// inert and does nothing when it fires.
+    /// inert and does nothing when it fires. The `Weak<RuntimeInner>` is the
-    parked_receiver: Option<(Pid, u32)>,
+    /// receiver's runtime, captured while it parked (so provably alive then);
+    /// it lets a sender on a foreign OS thread wake the receiver without the
+    /// `RUNTIME` thread-local, which is unset off a scheduler thread.
+    parked_receiver: Option<(Pid, u32, Weak<RuntimeInner>)>,
     senders: usize,
     receiver_alive: bool,
 }
@@ -206,8 +210,8 @@ impl<T> Drop for Sender<T> {
                 None
             }
         };
-        if let Some((pid, epoch)) = unpark {
+        if let Some((pid, epoch, rt)) = unpark {
-            crate::scheduler::unpark_at(pid, epoch);
+            crate::scheduler::unpark_at_via(pid, epoch, &rt);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -254,13 +258,13 @@ impl<T> Sender<T> {
             g.queue.push_back(value);
             g.parked_receiver.take()
         };
-        if let Some((pid, epoch)) = unpark {
+        if let Some((pid, epoch, rt)) = unpark {
             crate::te!(crate::trace::Event::Send {
                 sender: crate::actor::current_pid()
                     .unwrap_or(crate::pid::Pid::new(u32::MAX, u32::MAX)),
                 receiver: Some(pid)
             });
-            crate::scheduler::unpark_at(pid, epoch);
+            crate::scheduler::unpark_at_via(pid, epoch, &rt);
         } else {
             crate::te!(crate::trace::Event::Send {
                 sender: crate::actor::current_pid()
@@ -293,13 +297,17 @@ impl<T> Receiver<T> {
                     None => panic!("smarm: recv() called outside an actor"),
                 };
                 debug_assert!(
-                    g.parked_receiver.is_none_or(|(p, _)| p == me),
+                    g.parked_receiver.as_ref().is_none_or(|(p, _, _)| *p == me),
                     "channel has more than one receiver"
                 );
                 // begin_wait is lock-free, so it's legal under the Channel lock;
                 // registering in the same critical section makes the epoch
                 // atomic with the senders' view of the registration.
-                g.parked_receiver = Some((me, crate::scheduler::begin_wait()));
+                g.parked_receiver = Some((
+                    me,
+                    crate::scheduler::begin_wait(),
+                    crate::scheduler::runtime_weak(),
+                ));
                 crate::te!(crate::trace::Event::RecvPark(me));
             }
             // Release the lock before parking: the unparker will need it.
@@ -347,11 +355,11 @@ impl<T> Receiver<T> {
                 return Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected);
             }
             debug_assert!(
-                g.parked_receiver.is_none_or(|(p, _)| p == me),
+                g.parked_receiver.as_ref().is_none_or(|(p, _, _)| *p == me),
                 "channel has more than one receiver"
             );
             epoch = crate::scheduler::begin_wait();
-            g.parked_receiver = Some((me, epoch));
+            g.parked_receiver = Some((me, epoch, crate::scheduler::runtime_weak()));
             crate::te!(crate::trace::Event::RecvPark(me));
         }
 
@@ -423,10 +431,14 @@ impl<T> Receiver<T> {
                     None => panic!("smarm: recv_match() called outside an actor"),
                 };
                 debug_assert!(
-                    g.parked_receiver.is_none_or(|(p, _)| p == me),
+                    g.parked_receiver.as_ref().is_none_or(|(p, _, _)| *p == me),
                     "channel has more than one receiver"
                 );
-                g.parked_receiver = Some((me, crate::scheduler::begin_wait()));
+                g.parked_receiver = Some((
+                    me,
+                    crate::scheduler::begin_wait(),
+                    crate::scheduler::runtime_weak(),
+                ));
                 crate::te!(crate::trace::Event::RecvPark(me));
             }
             // Release the lock before parking: the unparker will need it.
@@ -497,11 +509,12 @@ impl<T: Send + 'static> crate::timer::TimerTarget for RawMutex<Inner<T>> {
         // keeps the registration bookkeeping exact.)
         let unpark = {
             let mut g = self.lock();
-            if g.parked_receiver == Some((pid, epoch)) {
+            match g.parked_receiver {
+                Some((p, e, _)) if p == pid && e == epoch => {
                     g.parked_receiver = None;
                     true
-            } else {
+                }
-                false
+                _ => false,
             }
         };
         // Unpark outside the channel lock: it may take the run-queue lock;
@@ -562,10 +575,10 @@ impl<T> Selectable for Receiver<T> {
             return Ok(false);
         }
         debug_assert!(
-            g.parked_receiver.is_none_or(|(p, _)| p == pid),
+            g.parked_receiver.as_ref().is_none_or(|(p, _, _)| *p == pid),
             "channel has more than one receiver"
         );
-        g.parked_receiver = Some((pid, epoch));
+        g.parked_receiver = Some((pid, epoch, crate::scheduler::runtime_weak()));
         Ok(true)
     }
 

src/gen_server.rs

@@ -127,16 +127,51 @@
 //! - [`GenServer::init`] runs once before the first message. Use it to start
 //!   timers or set up monitors; see the [`GenServerCtx`] it receives.
 //! - [`GenServer::terminate`] runs when the server is about to exit. It fires
-//!   on every exit path (all `GenServerRef`s dropped, a handler panic, or an
+//!   on every exit path (a self-stop, a graceful shutdown, a cooperative hard
-//!   explicit [`GenServerRef::shutdown`]), not only on clean shutdown. Keep it
+//!   stop, or a handler panic), not only on clean shutdown.
-//!   short and non-blocking: if `terminate` panics while the server is already
+//!   Keep it non-panicking: on the panic and hard-stop paths it runs
-//!   unwinding from a handler panic, the process aborts.
+//!   mid-unwind, where a second panic aborts the process and where it must
+//!   not block (any park re-observes the stop). Only on the graceful path
+//!   (see below) may it do real work.
 //!
 //! ## When the server stops
 //!
-//! The server runs as long as at least one [`GenServerRef`] exists. When the last
+//! A server lives until it stops, is shut down, or is killed — as an OTP
-//! one is dropped, the inbox closes and the loop exits gracefully. To stop a
+//! process does. A [`GenServerRef`] is an *address*: cloning and dropping it
-//! server explicitly and wait for it to finish, call [`GenServerRef::shutdown`].
+//! never changes the server's lifetime, and a ref that nobody holds is not a
+//! leak — a forgotten server idles until the run ends, when the root-exit
+//! shutdown (see [`Runtime::run`](crate::Runtime::run)) takes it down with
+//! every other unsupervised actor. Anything meant to live long should be
+//! supervised (see *Supervised servers* below); [`start`] / [`start_under`]
+//! are for scripts, tests and short-lived helpers, and the explicit close is
+//! [`GenServerRef::shutdown`].
+//!
+//! A server can end itself: clone a [`StopHandle`] from
+//! [`GenServerCtx::stop_handle`] in `init` and call [`StopHandle::stop`] from
+//! any handler — the loop breaks after the current message and exits
+//! *normally* (OTP's `{stop, normal}`). This is distinct from
+//! `request_stop(self_pid())`, which is an abnormal `Stopped` and gets a
+//! `Transient` child restarted.
+//!
+//! ## Graceful shutdown
+//!
+//! From outside, [`GenServerRef::shutdown`] (or a plain
+//! [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown), which is what a supervisor
+//! sends) asks the server to stop. What happens next is the server's choice:
+//!
+//! - By default a server does not trap exits, and the request stops it
+//!   outright at its next observation point — `terminate` runs mid-unwind.
+//! - A server that calls [`GenServerCtx::trap_exit`] in `init` receives the
+//!   request as [`GenServer::handle_shutdown`]. Return
+//!   [`ShutdownAction::Exit`] (the default) to have the loop break and
+//!   `terminate` run on the normal path, where it may block; return
+//!   [`ShutdownAction::Continue`] to keep serving — e.g. to drain in-flight
+//!   work — and end the server later with a [`StopHandle`]. The supervisor's
+//!   [`Shutdown`](crate::supervisor::Shutdown) policy bounds how long that
+//!   may take before it falls back to a hard stop.
+//!
+//! A trapping server also receives the deaths of its linked peers as
+//! [`GenServer::handle_exit`] messages instead of dying with them.
 //!
 //! If the server panics inside a handler, the panic unwinds the server thread.
 //! Any caller currently waiting in `call` sees `Err(ServerDown)`: the reply
@@ -167,9 +202,23 @@
 //! Names and registration: a server can be given a static name so other
 //! actors can reach it without holding a `GenServerRef`. Use
 //! [`GenServerBuilder::named`] to register on start, and the free functions
-//! [`call`], [`cast`], and [`whereis_server`] to address it by name. Registered
+//! [`call`], [`cast`], and [`whereis_server`] to address it by name.
-//! servers are a natural fit for supervision; see `supervisor` for how to
+//!
-//! build a tree that restarts servers on failure.
+//! ## Supervised servers
+//!
+//! The supervised shape is [`NamedGenServerBuilder::run`]: it runs the loop
+//! **inline, as the current actor**, so the closure of a
+//! [`ChildSpec`](crate::supervisor::ChildSpec) *is* the server — the
+//! supervisor's shutdown arrives as [`GenServer::handle_shutdown`], a restart
+//! runs the factory again and re-binds the name, and the rest of the program
+//! addresses it by name (a held ref would go stale on restart anyway).
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! const COUNTER: GenServerName<Counter> = GenServerName::new("counter");
+//! OneForOne::new().child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, || {
+//!     GenServerBuilder::new(Counter::default()).named(COUNTER).run().unwrap();
+//! }));
+//! ```
 //!
 //! ## Limitations
 //!
@@ -181,10 +230,12 @@
 use crate::channel::{
     channel, select, select_timeout, Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, Selectable, Sender,
 };
+use crate::link::ExitSignal;
+use crate::monitor::DownReason;
 use crate::monitor::{demonitor, monitor, Down, Monitor};
 use crate::pid::Pid;
 use crate::registry::{register_with, resolve_named_sender, RegisterError};
-use crate::scheduler::{cancel_timer, request_stop, send_after_to};
+use crate::scheduler::{cancel_timer, request_shutdown, send_after_to};
 use crate::timer::TimerId;
 use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -254,10 +305,34 @@ pub trait GenServer: Send + 'static {
     /// Default: no-op.
     fn handle_idle(&mut self) {}
 
+    /// A graceful shutdown request (a [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown)
+    /// reaching this server), delivered only if `init` called
+    /// [`GenServerCtx::trap_exit`]. Return [`ShutdownAction::Exit`] to stop
+    /// now (the default), or [`ShutdownAction::Continue`] to keep serving and
+    /// end the server later with a [`StopHandle`].
+    fn handle_shutdown(&mut self) -> ShutdownAction {
+        ShutdownAction::Exit
+    }
+
+    /// A linked peer's abnormal death (an [`ExitSignal`] that is not a
+    /// shutdown request), delivered only if `init` called
+    /// [`GenServerCtx::trap_exit`]. Default: drop it.
+    fn handle_exit(&mut self, _sig: ExitSignal) {}
+
     /// Runs as the server actor exits, on any exit path (see module docs).
     fn terminate(&mut self) {}
 }
 
+/// What a server does with a shutdown request; see [`GenServer::handle_shutdown`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ShutdownAction {
+    /// Break the loop now. `terminate` runs on the normal path and may block.
+    Exit,
+    /// Keep dispatching. The server is expected to end itself with a
+    /// [`StopHandle`] once it is done winding down.
+    Continue,
+}
+
 /// What travels the server's single inbox channel: a synchronous call (with a
 /// reply sender) or an asynchronous cast. Private — callers use [`GenServerRef`].
 enum Envelope<G: GenServer> {
@@ -265,9 +340,9 @@ enum Envelope<G: GenServer> {
     Cast(G::Cast),
 }
 
-/// A clonable handle to a running server. Cloning yields another sender to the
+/// A clonable handle to a running server: an *address*, not an owner. Cloning
-/// same inbox; the server lives until the last `GenServerRef` is dropped, at which
+/// yields another sender to the same inbox; dropping refs never ends the
-/// point its inbox closes and the loop exits normally.
+/// server (see the module docs, *When the server stops*).
 pub struct GenServerRef<G: GenServer> {
     tx: Sender<Envelope<G>>,
     pid: Pid,
@@ -362,18 +437,22 @@ impl<G: GenServer> GenServerRef<G> {
 
     /// Stop the server and block until it has fully exited.
     ///
-    /// Sends a cooperative stop signal to the server actor and waits for it to
+    /// Asks the server to shut down (a [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown))
-    /// exit, so [`GenServer::terminate`] has run by the time this returns.
+    /// and waits for it to exit, so [`GenServer::terminate`] has run by the
-    /// Returns immediately if the server is already gone.
+    /// time this returns. A trapping server gets to wind down via
+    /// [`GenServer::handle_shutdown`]; any other is stopped outright. Returns
+    /// immediately if the server is already gone. Waits as long as the server
+    /// takes — the caller, not the server, decides whether that is acceptable;
+    /// a supervisor uses its child's [`Shutdown`](crate::supervisor::Shutdown)
+    /// policy to bound it.
     ///
-    /// This is the right teardown for a server kept alive by a registered
+    /// This is the explicit close: dropping refs never ends a server. Like
-    /// [`GenServerName`], where dropping every external `GenServerRef` is not enough
+    /// all cooperative cancellation, it is best-effort:
-    /// to close the inbox. Like all cooperative cancellation, it is best-effort:
     /// a server wedged in a tight loop with no observation point cannot be
     /// stopped this way. Panics if called outside `Runtime::run()`.
     pub fn shutdown(&self) {
         let mon = monitor(self.pid);
-        request_stop(self.pid);
+        request_shutdown(self.pid);
         // The Down lands when the server finalizes; an already-dead target makes
         // `monitor` deliver NoProc immediately, so this never blocks forever.
         let _ = mon.rx.recv();
@@ -396,6 +475,8 @@ enum Sys<G: GenServer> {
     /// the payload factory, dispatches it to [`GenServer::handle_timer`], and
     /// re-arms the next tick before returning.
     Tick(crate::timer::TimerId),
+    /// The state asked to end the server (via [`StopHandle::stop`]).
+    Stop,
 }
 
 /// The server loop's runtime hook, passed to [`GenServer::init`]. Hands out the
@@ -411,9 +492,29 @@ pub struct GenServerCtx<G: GenServer> {
     /// because `init` holds only `&ctx`; not `Send`, but `GenServerCtx` is only ever
     /// borrowed on the actor's own stack during `init`, never sent.
     idle: Cell<Option<Duration>>,
+    /// Whether the loop should trap exits (set via [`trap_exit`](Self::trap_exit)
+    /// during `init`, read by the loop after).
+    trap: Cell<bool>,
 }
 
 impl<G: GenServer> GenServerCtx<G> {
+    /// Trap exits for the server's lifetime: shutdown requests then arrive as
+    /// [`GenServer::handle_shutdown`] and linked-peer deaths as
+    /// [`GenServer::handle_exit`], instead of stopping the server outright.
+    /// Call this once during `init`.
+    pub fn trap_exit(&self) {
+        self.trap.set(true);
+    }
+
+    /// A clonable handle that lets the state end the server from any handler
+    /// (a normal exit; see the module docs). Store it on the state during
+    /// `init`.
+    pub fn stop_handle(&self) -> StopHandle<G> {
+        StopHandle {
+            sys_tx: self.sys_tx.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// A clonable handle to the loop's monitor intake. Store it in the state
     /// during `init` to watch monitors from later handlers.
     pub fn watcher(&self) -> Watcher<G> {
@@ -452,6 +553,30 @@ impl<G: GenServer> GenServerCtx<G> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Lets a server's state end the server, cloned from
+/// [`GenServerCtx::stop_handle`] during `init`. [`stop`](Self::stop) makes the
+/// loop break after the current message and exit normally; `terminate` runs on
+/// the normal path.
+pub struct StopHandle<G: GenServer> {
+    sys_tx: Sender<Sys<G>>,
+}
+
+impl<G: GenServer> Clone for StopHandle<G> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        StopHandle {
+            sys_tx: self.sys_tx.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<G: GenServer> StopHandle<G> {
+    /// End the server after the current message. Idempotent; a no-op once the
+    /// server is gone.
+    pub fn stop(&self) {
+        let _ = self.sys_tx.send(Sys::Stop);
+    }
+}
+
 /// Per-server timer bookkeeping, shared between the loop and every
 /// [`TimerHandle`] clone. A gen_server actor is single-threaded — handlers
 /// and the loop never run concurrently — so this `Mutex` is always
@@ -704,9 +829,10 @@ impl<G: GenServer> GenServerBuilder<G> {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Spawn the server actor and hand back its [`GenServerRef`]. The server's
+    /// Spawn the server actor and hand back its [`GenServerRef`] (an address;
-    /// lifetime is governed by its refs, not by joining, so the backing join
+    /// the server's lifetime is its own, see the module docs). The backing
-    /// handle is dropped.
+    /// join handle is dropped. For a supervised server use
+    /// [`named`](Self::named) + [`NamedGenServerBuilder::run`] instead.
     pub fn start(self) -> GenServerRef<G> {
         self.spawn_server()
     }
@@ -734,13 +860,14 @@ impl<G: GenServer> GenServerBuilder<G> {
             supervisor,
             stack_opts,
         } = self;
+        let keep = tx.clone();
         let handle = match supervisor {
             Some(sup) => crate::scheduler::spawn_under_with(sup, stack_opts, move || {
-                server_loop::<G>(rx, state, infos)
+                server_loop::<G>(keep, rx, state, infos)
+            }),
+            None => crate::scheduler::spawn_with(stack_opts, move || {
+                server_loop::<G>(keep, rx, state, infos)
             }),
-            None => {
-                crate::scheduler::spawn_with(stack_opts, move || server_loop::<G>(rx, state, infos))
-            }
         };
         GenServerRef {
             tx,
@@ -828,19 +955,38 @@ impl<G: GenServer> NamedGenServerBuilder<G> {
     /// The inbox sender is published under the name **from the parent side,
     /// before this returns**, so a by-name `call` / `cast` resolves the instant
     /// `start()` returns — no race with the server body. On a name clash the
-    /// just-spawned server is wound down (its only ref is dropped, closing the
+    /// just-spawned server is stopped, so a failed bind leaks no actor.
-    /// inbox), so a failed bind leaks no actor.
     pub fn start(self) -> Result<GenServerRef<G>, RegisterError> {
         let NamedGenServerBuilder { builder, name } = self;
         let server = builder.spawn_server();
         match register_with::<Envelope<G>>(server.pid, name, server.tx.clone()) {
             Ok(()) => Ok(server),
             Err(e) => {
-                drop(server); // inbox closes → loop exits gracefully
+                crate::scheduler::request_stop(server.pid); // never ran init
                 Err(e)
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// Run the server **inline, as the current actor**, bound to its name.
+    /// This is the supervised shape: the closure of a
+    /// [`ChildSpec`](crate::supervisor::ChildSpec) *is* the server, so the
+    /// supervisor's shutdown reaches it as [`GenServer::handle_shutdown`], a
+    /// restart runs the factory again and re-binds the name, and clients
+    /// address it by name ([`call`], [`cast`], [`whereis_server`]). Returns
+    /// when the server exits; [`RegisterError::NameTaken`] (before `init`) if
+    /// the name is held by a different live actor.
+    ///
+    /// `under` / `stack_opts` are spawn options and do not apply here — the
+    /// actor already exists.
+    pub fn run(self) -> Result<(), RegisterError> {
+        let NamedGenServerBuilder { builder, name } = self;
+        let GenServerBuilder { state, infos, .. } = builder;
+        let (tx, rx) = channel::<Envelope<G>>();
+        register_with::<Envelope<G>>(crate::scheduler::self_pid(), name, tx.clone())?;
+        server_loop::<G>(tx, rx, state, infos);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Resolve a [`GenServerName`] to a [`GenServerRef`] when you want a handle to hold or
@@ -899,10 +1045,17 @@ pub fn start_under<G: GenServer>(supervisor: Pid, state: G) -> GenServerRef<G> {
 }
 
 fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
+    keep: Sender<Envelope<G>>,
     rx: Receiver<Envelope<G>>,
     state: G,
     mut infos: Vec<Receiver<G::Info>>,
 ) {
+    // The loop holds one inbox sender for its whole life: the inbox never
+    // closes, so refs are addresses and the server's lifetime is the actor's
+    // (stop handle, shutdown, stop, panic). The `Disconnected` arms below are
+    // defensive only.
+    let _keep = keep;
+
     // Drop guard — owns the server state and the timer registry.
     //
     // Why a guard rather than code after the loop:
@@ -974,9 +1127,14 @@ fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
         sys_tx,
         reg: reg.clone(),
         idle: Cell::new(None),
+        trap: Cell::new(false),
     };
     guard.0.init(&ctx);
     let idle = ctx.idle.get();
+    // Trapping is opted into during init and fixed for the loop's life. The
+    // inbox is armed only when set: an untrapped server keeps the fast path,
+    // and a shutdown request simply stops it as `request_stop` would.
+    let exits: Option<Receiver<ExitSignal>> = ctx.trap.get().then(crate::link::trap_exit);
     drop(ctx);
 
     let mut monitors: Vec<Monitor> = Vec::new();
@@ -992,7 +1150,7 @@ fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
     };
 
     loop {
-        if monitors.is_empty() && !sys_open && infos.is_empty() {
+        if exits.is_none() && monitors.is_empty() && !sys_open && infos.is_empty() {
             // Fast path: no extra arms, no select overhead — park directly on
             // the inbox. Mirrors the inbox arm of the select path below; any
             // change there must be applied here too.
@@ -1009,7 +1167,7 @@ fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
                             guard.0.handle_idle();
                             reset_idle(&mut idle_deadline);
                         }
-                        // All ServerRefs dropped → inbox closed → shutdown.
+                        // Defensive: the loop holds a sender, so unreachable.
                         Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => break,
                     }
                 }
@@ -1020,16 +1178,21 @@ fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
             }
         } else {
             // Slow path: one or more extra arms live — build the arm slice and
-            // select. Arm order encodes priority: downs → system → infos →
+            // select. Arm order encodes priority: exits → downs → system →
-            // inbox. The slice is rebuilt each iteration because the monitor
+            // infos → inbox (a shutdown request is noticed under any load).
-            // and info sets shrink/grow. Mirrors the fast-path inbox park
+            // The slice is rebuilt each iteration because the monitor and info
-            // above; keep them in sync.
+            // sets shrink/grow. Mirrors the fast-path inbox park above; keep
-            let nd = monitors.len(); // monitor band:  [0,      nd)
+            // them in sync.
+            let ne = exits.is_some() as usize; // exit arm:      [0,        ne)
+            let nd = ne + monitors.len(); // monitor band:  [ne,       nd)
             let nw = sys_open as usize; // system arm:    [nd,       nd+nw)
                                         // info band:     [nd+nw,    nd+nw+ni)
                                         // inbox arm:     [nd+nw+ni]
             let sel = {
                 let mut arms: Vec<&dyn Selectable> = Vec::with_capacity(nd + nw + infos.len() + 1);
+                if let Some(e) = &exits {
+                    arms.push(e);
+                }
                 for m in &monitors {
                     arms.push(&m.rx);
                 }
@@ -1055,10 +1218,25 @@ fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
                     continue;
                 }
             };
-            if i < nd {
+            if i < ne {
+                // Exit arm: a shutdown request or a linked peer's death.
+                // The inbox lives for the loop's life, so it never closes.
+                let sig = exits.as_ref().and_then(|e| e.try_recv().ok().flatten());
+                if let Some(sig) = sig {
+                    if sig.reason == DownReason::Shutdown {
+                        match guard.0.handle_shutdown() {
+                            ShutdownAction::Exit => break,
+                            ShutdownAction::Continue => {}
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        guard.0.handle_exit(sig);
+                    }
+                    reset_idle(&mut idle_deadline);
+                }
+            } else if i < nd {
                 // Monitor band: a Down retires its arm either way (one-shot)
                 // or closes without delivering (defensive; shouldn't happen).
-                let m = monitors.remove(i);
+                let m = monitors.remove(i - ne);
                 if let Ok(Some(down)) = m.rx.try_recv() {
                     guard.0.handle_down(down);
                     reset_idle(&mut idle_deadline);
@@ -1067,6 +1245,8 @@ fn server_loop<G: GenServer>(
                 match sys_rx.try_recv() {
                     // Control intake, not a dispatched message: no idle reset.
                     Ok(Some(Sys::Watch(m))) => monitors.push(m),
+                    // The state ended the server: a normal exit.
+                    Ok(Some(Sys::Stop)) => break,
                     Ok(Some(Sys::Timer(id, msg))) => {
                         // The one-shot fired: retire its registry entry so the
                         // live set tracks only still-pending timers, then

src/gen_statem.rs

@@ -68,10 +68,38 @@
 //! inbox or timer event; a replayed event may postpone again (it re-queues for
 //! the next transition). See the macro docs for the row surface and [`Step`]
 //! for how a postpone surfaces to the loop.
+//!
+//! ## Stopping, shutdown, and exits
+//!
+//! A machine lives until it stops, is shut down, or is killed; a
+//! [`GenStatemRef`] is an address, and dropping refs never ends it (the
+//! gen_server rule — see its *When the server stops*). The supervised shape
+//! is [`run_named`], which runs the machine inline as the current actor so it
+//! is a direct `ChildSpec` child addressed by [`GenStatemName`]. A machine
+//! can end itself: any row
+//! body may call [`cx.stop()`](Cx::stop) (or use the `stop` tail keyword,
+//! sugar for `{ cx.stop(); prev }`) — the loop breaks after that event and the
+//! actor exits *normally* (OTP's `{stop, normal}`; a `Transient` child is not
+//! restarted). [`terminate`](Machine::terminate) — the optional `terminate
+//! { … }` macro block — runs on every exit path.
+//!
+//! From outside, [`GenStatemRef::shutdown`] (or a plain
+//! [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown), which is what a supervisor
+//! sends) asks the machine to stop. By default a machine does not trap exits
+//! and the request stops it outright. A machine that calls
+//! [`cx.trap_exit()`](Cx::trap_exit) in its initial `enter` instead receives
+//! it as the **`shutdown` event**, routed by state like any other — a
+//! `Connected` state may transition into `Draining` and stop later from a
+//! timeout row, while a state with no `shutdown` row takes the macro's
+//! default, `stop`. Linked-peer deaths reach a trapping machine as
+//! `exit <pat>` events; an unmatched one is dropped like an unmatched info.
 
-use crate::channel::{channel, select, Receiver, Sender};
+use crate::channel::{channel, select, Receiver, Selectable, Sender};
+use crate::link::ExitSignal;
+use crate::monitor::{monitor, DownReason};
 use crate::pid::Pid;
-use crate::scheduler::{cancel_timer, send_after_to};
+use crate::registry::{register_with, resolve_named_sender, RegisterError};
+use crate::scheduler::{cancel_timer, request_shutdown, send_after_to};
 use crate::timer::TimerId;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
@@ -119,6 +147,33 @@ pub trait Machine: Send + 'static {
     /// state's `enter`, and returns [`Step::Transitioned`]; a stay or unmatched
     /// event returns [`Step::Stayed`].
     fn handle(&mut self, ev: Self::Ev, cx: &mut Cx<Self::Ev>) -> Step<Self::Ev>;
+
+    /// Wrap a graceful shutdown request into this machine's event, so a
+    /// trapping machine (see [`Cx::trap_exit`]) can route it **by state**. The
+    /// macro generates it as `Ev::Shutdown` and matches it in `shutdown` rows;
+    /// its default for a state that writes no such row is `stop`. A
+    /// hand-written machine that returns `None` (the default) is simply
+    /// stopped — the loop breaks and `terminate` runs on the normal path.
+    fn shutdown_ev() -> Option<Self::Ev> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap a linked peer's death (an [`ExitSignal`] that is not a shutdown
+    /// request, delivered only when trapping) into this machine's event. The
+    /// macro generates it as `Ev::Exit(sig)` and matches it in `exit <pat>`
+    /// rows; an unmatched exit is silently dropped, like an unmatched info.
+    /// A hand-written machine that returns `None` (the default) drops it.
+    fn exit_ev(_sig: ExitSignal) -> Option<Self::Ev> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Runs as the machine actor exits, on any exit path (a `stop`, a
+    /// graceful shutdown, a handler panic, a hard stop). Like
+    /// `gen_server::terminate`: on the panic and hard-stop paths it runs
+    /// mid-unwind — do not panic or park there; only on the normal path
+    /// (`stop`, shutdown rows) may it do real work. The macro's optional
+    /// `terminate { … }` block generates it.
+    fn terminate(&mut self) {}
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -247,6 +302,11 @@ impl Timers {
 pub struct Cx<Ev> {
     sys_tx: Sender<Sys>,
     reg: Arc<Mutex<Timers>>,
+    /// Set by [`trap_exit`](Self::trap_exit) during `on_start`; read once by
+    /// the loop right after, fixed for the machine's life.
+    trap: bool,
+    /// Set by [`stop`](Self::stop); the loop breaks after the current event.
+    stop: bool,
     _ev: PhantomData<fn() -> Ev>,
 }
 
@@ -255,10 +315,30 @@ impl<Ev> Cx<Ev> {
         Cx {
             sys_tx,
             reg,
+            trap: false,
+            stop: false,
             _ev: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Trap exits for the machine's lifetime: a shutdown request then arrives
+    /// as the `shutdown` event (routed by state) and linked-peer deaths as
+    /// `exit` events, instead of stopping the machine outright. Call it in the
+    /// initial state's `enter` (i.e. during `on_start`); later calls have no
+    /// effect.
+    pub fn trap_exit(&mut self) {
+        self.trap = true;
+    }
+
+    /// End the machine after the current event: the loop breaks and the actor
+    /// exits *normally* (OTP's `{stop, normal}`); `terminate` runs on the
+    /// normal path. Anything still queued or postponed is dropped. The `stop`
+    /// tail keyword in a macro row is sugar for `{ cx.stop(); prev }`.
+    /// Mirrors gen_server's [`StopHandle`](crate::gen_server::StopHandle).
+    pub fn stop(&mut self) {
+        self.stop = true;
+    }
+
     /// Arm the **state timeout**: fire a `state_timeout` event after `after` in
     /// the current state. Auto-reset on any state change (the loop cancels and
     /// clears it on every real transition), so it measures quiet time *within* a
@@ -386,8 +466,7 @@ pub enum SendError {
 }
 
 /// A clonable handle to a running machine. Cloning yields another sender to the
-/// same inbox; the machine lives until the last `GenStatemRef` is dropped, at which
+/// same inbox. An address, not an owner: dropping refs never ends the machine.
-/// point its inbox closes and the loop exits.
 pub struct GenStatemRef<M: Machine> {
     tx: Sender<M::Ev>,
     pid: Pid,
@@ -433,6 +512,19 @@ impl<M: Machine> GenStatemRef<M> {
         self.send(ev).map_err(|_| CallError::Down)?;
         rx.recv().map_err(|_| CallError::Down)
     }
+
+    /// Ask the machine to shut down and block until it has fully exited, so
+    /// [`Machine::terminate`] has run by the time this returns. A trapping
+    /// machine winds down through its `shutdown` rows; any other is stopped
+    /// outright. Returns immediately if the machine is already gone. Waits as
+    /// long as the machine takes — a supervisor bounds that with its child's
+    /// [`Shutdown`](crate::supervisor::Shutdown) policy. Mirrors
+    /// [`GenServerRef::shutdown`](crate::gen_server::GenServerRef::shutdown).
+    pub fn shutdown(&self) {
+        let mon = monitor(self.pid);
+        request_shutdown(self.pid);
+        let _ = mon.rx.recv();
+    }
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -441,7 +533,8 @@ impl<M: Machine> GenStatemRef<M> {
 
 /// Spawn `machine` as an actor and hand back its [`GenStatemRef`]. Shape mirrors
 /// `gen_server::start`: make the inbox, spawn the loop, return the ref; the
-/// backing join handle is dropped (lifetime is governed by refs, not joining).
+/// backing join handle is dropped (the machine's lifetime is its own). For a
+/// supervised machine use [`run_named`].
 ///
 /// Panics if called outside `Runtime::run()`.
 pub fn spawn<M: Machine>(machine: M) -> GenStatemRef<M> {
@@ -456,40 +549,188 @@ pub fn spawn<M: Machine>(machine: M) -> GenStatemRef<M> {
 /// Panics if called outside `Runtime::run()`.
 pub fn spawn_with<M: Machine>(opts: crate::scheduler::SpawnOpts, machine: M) -> GenStatemRef<M> {
     let (tx, rx) = channel::<M::Ev>();
-    let handle = crate::scheduler::spawn_with(opts, move || statem_loop(rx, machine));
+    let keep = tx.clone();
+    let handle = crate::scheduler::spawn_with(opts, move || statem_loop(keep, rx, machine));
     GenStatemRef {
         tx,
         pid: handle.pid(),
     }
 }
 
+/// A typed, static name for a gen_statem, used to address a machine through
+/// the registry without holding a [`GenStatemRef`]. Mirrors
+/// [`GenServerName`](crate::gen_server::GenServerName): declare it as a
+/// constant and bind it with [`run_named`].
+pub struct GenStatemName<M> {
+    name: &'static str,
+    _marker: PhantomData<fn() -> M>,
+}
+
+impl<M> GenStatemName<M> {
+    /// Bind a static string as a machine name.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(name: &'static str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The underlying registry key.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.name
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M> Copy for GenStatemName<M> {}
+impl<M> Clone for GenStatemName<M> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Run `machine` **inline, as the current actor**, bound to `name`. The
+/// supervised shape: the closure of a
+/// [`ChildSpec`](crate::supervisor::ChildSpec) *is* the machine, so the
+/// supervisor's shutdown reaches it as a `shutdown` row, a restart runs the
+/// factory again and re-binds the name, and clients address it by name
+/// ([`send`], [`call`], [`whereis_machine`]). Returns when the machine exits;
+/// [`RegisterError::NameTaken`] (before `on_start`) if the name is held by a
+/// different live actor. Mirrors
+/// [`NamedGenServerBuilder::run`](crate::gen_server::NamedGenServerBuilder::run).
+pub fn run_named<M: Machine>(name: GenStatemName<M>, machine: M) -> Result<(), RegisterError> {
+    let (tx, rx) = channel::<M::Ev>();
+    register_with::<M::Ev>(crate::scheduler::self_pid(), name.as_str(), tx.clone())?;
+    statem_loop(tx, rx, machine);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Resolve a [`GenStatemName`] to a [`GenStatemRef`]; `None` if no live
+/// machine holds the name. Panics if called outside `Runtime::run()`.
+pub fn whereis_machine<M: Machine>(name: GenStatemName<M>) -> Option<GenStatemRef<M>> {
+    resolve_named_sender::<M::Ev>(name.as_str()).map(|(pid, tx)| GenStatemRef { tx, pid })
+}
+
+/// Push an event to the machine registered under `name`, resolving per send.
+/// [`SendError::Down`] if no live machine holds the name.
+pub fn send<M: Machine>(name: GenStatemName<M>, ev: M::Ev) -> Result<(), SendError> {
+    match whereis_machine(name) {
+        Some(m) => m.send(ev),
+        None => Err(SendError::Down),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Synchronous request-reply to the machine registered under `name`,
+/// resolving per call (a machine restarted under the same name is reached
+/// transparently). [`CallError::Down`] if no live machine holds the name.
+pub fn call<M, T, F>(name: GenStatemName<M>, make: F) -> Result<T, CallError>
+where
+    M: Machine,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    F: FnOnce(Reply<T>) -> M::Ev,
+{
+    match whereis_machine(name) {
+        Some(m) => m.call(make),
+        None => Err(CallError::Down),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Shut down the machine registered under `name` and wait for it (see
+/// [`GenStatemRef::shutdown`]). A no-op if no live machine holds the name.
+pub fn shutdown<M: Machine>(name: GenStatemName<M>) {
+    if let Some(m) = whereis_machine(name) {
+        m.shutdown();
+    }
+}
+
 /// The machine actor body: `on_start`, then one `handle` per event until the
-/// inbox closes (all refs dropped → graceful shutdown).
+/// row resolves to `stop`, a shutdown row stops it, or the actor is stopped
+/// from outside.
 ///
-/// Two intake sources are selected each iteration with the **timer arm above
+/// Intake arms are selected each iteration in priority order — **exits**
-/// the inbox**, so a timeout fire is never starved by inbox traffic: `sys_rx`
+/// (only when trapping) above **timers** above the **inbox** — so a shutdown
-/// carries timer fires armed through `cx`, `rx` is the user inbox. A fire is
+/// request or a timeout fire is never starved by inbox traffic. `sys_rx`
-/// turned into the matching internal event (`state_timeout` / `timeout(name)`)
+/// carries timer fires armed through `cx`; a fire is turned into the matching
-/// and run through the same `handle` dispatch as an inbox event — the
+/// internal event (`state_timeout` / `timeout(name)`) and run through the same
-/// gen_statem model, where timeouts surface as ordinary events.
+/// `handle` dispatch as an inbox event — the gen_statem model, where timeouts
+/// (and, when trapping, shutdown and exits) surface as ordinary events.
 ///
 /// The loop owns the **postpone queue**: a `handle` that defers its event hands
 /// it back ([`Step::Postponed`]) for the queue; a `handle` that transitions
 /// ([`Step::Transitioned`]) triggers a [`replay`] of the queue in the new
 /// state, ahead of the next intake.
-fn statem_loop<M: Machine>(rx: Receiver<M::Ev>, mut machine: M) {
+fn statem_loop<M: Machine>(keep: Sender<M::Ev>, rx: Receiver<M::Ev>, machine: M) {
+    // One inbox sender lives with the loop: the inbox never closes, refs are
+    // addresses, the machine's lifetime is the actor's (stop row, shutdown,
+    // stop, panic). The `Disconnected` inbox arm below is defensive only.
+    let _keep = keep;
+    // Drop guard — owns the machine and the timer registry, so `terminate`
+    // fires on every exit path (clean close, `stop`, a handler panic, a hard
+    // stop) and the timer drain is sequenced before it. Same shape as
+    // gen_server's guard; see the rationale there.
+    struct Terminate<M: Machine>(M, Arc<Mutex<Timers>>);
+    impl<M: Machine> Drop for Terminate<M> {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            {
+                let mut reg = match self.1.lock() {
+                    Ok(g) => g,
+                    Err(e) => panic!("smarm: gen_statem reg lock poisoned (core corrupt): {e}"),
+                };
+                if let Some((_, sub)) = reg.state.take() {
+                    cancel_timer(sub);
+                }
+                for (_, (_, sub)) in reg.named.drain() {
+                    cancel_timer(sub);
+                }
+            }
+            self.0.terminate();
+        }
+    }
+
     let (sys_tx, sys_rx) = channel::<Sys>();
     let reg = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Timers::new()));
+    let mut guard = Terminate(machine, reg.clone());
     // The loop owns `cx` (and through it a `sys_tx` clone) for its whole life,
     // so the sys arm never closes from under us — no auto-close dance needed.
     let mut cx = Cx::new(sys_tx, reg.clone());
     // Events deferred by `postpone` rows, replayed FIFO on the next transition.
     let mut postpone: VecDeque<M::Ev> = VecDeque::new();
-    machine.on_start(&mut cx);
+    guard.0.on_start(&mut cx);
+    // Trapping is opted into during on_start and fixed for the loop's life.
+    // The inbox is armed only when set: an untrapped machine keeps the
+    // two-arm select, and a shutdown request simply stops it as
+    // `request_stop` would.
+    let exits: Option<Receiver<ExitSignal>> = cx.trap.then(crate::link::trap_exit);
     loop {
-        // Timer arm first: a ready fire is taken in preference to the inbox.
+        // Arm order encodes priority: exits → timers → inbox.
-        let i = select(&[&sys_rx, &rx]);
+        let ne = exits.is_some() as usize;
-        if i == 0 {
+        let i = {
+            let mut arms: Vec<&dyn Selectable> = Vec::with_capacity(3);
+            if let Some(e) = &exits {
+                arms.push(e);
+            }
+            arms.push(&sys_rx);
+            arms.push(&rx);
+            select(&arms)
+        };
+        if i < ne {
+            // Exit arm: a shutdown request or a linked peer's death. The trap
+            // inbox lives for the loop's life, so it never closes.
+            let sig = exits.as_ref().and_then(|e| e.try_recv().ok().flatten());
+            match sig {
+                Some(sig) if sig.reason == DownReason::Shutdown => match M::shutdown_ev() {
+                    Some(ev) => dispatch(&mut guard.0, &mut cx, &mut postpone, ev),
+                    None => cx.stop(),
+                },
+                Some(sig) => {
+                    if let Some(ev) = M::exit_ev(sig) {
+                        dispatch(&mut guard.0, &mut cx, &mut postpone, ev);
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {}
+            }
+        } else if i == ne {
             match sys_rx.try_recv() {
                 Ok(Some(fire)) => {
                     // Confirm the fire is still the live one before dispatching:
@@ -528,7 +769,7 @@ fn statem_loop<M: Machine>(rx: Receiver<M::Ev>, mut machine: M) {
                         }
                     };
                     if let Some(ev) = ev {
-                        dispatch(&mut machine, &mut cx, &mut postpone, ev);
+                        dispatch(&mut guard.0, &mut cx, &mut postpone, ev);
                     }
                 }
                 // Single-receiver: nothing can drain the arm between select's
@@ -540,12 +781,16 @@ fn statem_loop<M: Machine>(rx: Receiver<M::Ev>, mut machine: M) {
             }
         } else {
             match rx.try_recv() {
-                Ok(Some(ev)) => dispatch(&mut machine, &mut cx, &mut postpone, ev),
+                Ok(Some(ev)) => dispatch(&mut guard.0, &mut cx, &mut postpone, ev),
                 Ok(None) => debug_assert!(false, "ready inbox was empty"),
-                // All GenStatemRefs dropped → inbox closed → shutdown.
+                // Defensive: the loop holds a sender, so unreachable.
                 Err(_) => break,
             }
         }
+        // A handler (or a replay) asked to stop: a normal exit.
+        if cx.stop {
+            break;
+        }
         // Observation point so a machine fed a hot inbox stays preemptible and
         // cancellable.
         crate::check!();
@@ -554,7 +799,8 @@ fn statem_loop<M: Machine>(rx: Receiver<M::Ev>, mut machine: M) {
 
 /// Run one event through `handle` and act on its [`Step`]: stash a deferred
 /// event on the postpone queue, or — on a real transition — [`replay`] the
-/// queue in the new state. A stay/unmatched event needs nothing further.
+/// queue in the new state. A stay/unmatched event needs nothing further. A
+/// [`Cx::stop`] raised by the handler skips the replay; the loop breaks next.
 fn dispatch<M: Machine>(
     machine: &mut M,
     cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>,
@@ -564,14 +810,19 @@ fn dispatch<M: Machine>(
     match machine.handle(ev, cx) {
         Step::Postponed(ev) => postpone.push_back(ev),
         Step::Stayed => {}
-        Step::Transitioned => replay(machine, cx, postpone),
+        Step::Transitioned => {
+            if !cx.stop {
+                replay(machine, cx, postpone)
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
 /// Replay deferred events after a real transition: each goes back through
 /// `handle` in FIFO order, in the now-current state. An event that postpones
 /// again re-queues (to wait for the *next* transition); one that transitions
-/// re-arms the replay, so a later state can in turn drain what is still pending.
+/// re-arms the replay, so a later state can in turn drain what is still pending;
+/// one that raises [`Cx::stop`] ends the replay (and the machine) at once.
 /// Subsequent events in a batch already see the post-transition state, since
 /// `handle` reads the live state cell — the outer loop only re-runs to give
 /// re-queued events another pass once a transition has occurred within a batch.
@@ -590,6 +841,9 @@ fn replay<M: Machine>(machine: &mut M, cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>, postpone: &mut VecDeq
                 Step::Stayed => {}
                 Step::Transitioned => transitioned = true,
             }
+            if cx.stop {
+                return;
+            }
         }
         if !transitioned {
             return;
@@ -691,8 +945,9 @@ fn replay<M: Machine>(machine: &mut M, cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>, postpone: &mut VecDeq
 ///     // The transition table. Group rows by current state with `on <pat>`.
 ///     // A row is:  <kind> <event-pattern> [if <guard>]  =>  <tail> ,
 ///     // where <kind> is one of `cast`, `call`, `info`, `state_timeout`
-///     // (no pattern — it is a unit event), or `timeout <name-pattern>`,
+///     // (no pattern — it is a unit event), `timeout <name-pattern>`,
-///     // and the tail is one of:
+///     // `shutdown` (unit; trapping machines only) or `exit <sig-pattern>`
+///     // (trapping only), and the tail is one of:
 ///     //   * a state tag            `Door::Closed`     (transition, or "stay"
 ///     //                                                 if it equals current)
 ///     //   * a block ending in one  `{ data.enters += 1; Door::Closed }`
@@ -701,6 +956,9 @@ fn replay<M: Machine>(machine: &mut M, cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>, postpone: &mut VecDeq
 ///     //   * the keyword            `postpone`         (defer until next
 ///     //                                                transition; cast/call/
 ///     //                                                info only)
+///     //   * the keyword            `stop`             (end the machine
+///     //                                                normally; sugar for
+///     //                                                `{ cx.stop(); prev }`)
 ///     on Door::Open => {
 ///         cast DoorCast::Push                       => Door::Closed,
 ///         // An armed state-timeout surfaces as an ordinary event:
@@ -724,6 +982,9 @@ fn replay<M: Machine>(machine: &mut M, cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>, postpone: &mut VecDeq
 ///     on _ => {
 ///         call DoorCall::GetState(r) => { r.reply(prev); prev },
 ///     }
+///
+///     // Optional: runs as the machine exits, on every exit path.
+///     terminate { data.enters = 0; }
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
@@ -748,6 +1009,12 @@ fn replay<M: Machine>(machine: &mut M, cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>, postpone: &mut VecDeq
 ///   ignores info writes no `info` rows at all. State-timeouts and named
 ///   timeouts have **no** such default: a state that can see one must handle it
 ///   (or `unhandled` it) or the match is non-exhaustive.
+/// * **`shutdown` defaults to `stop`, `exit` to a silent drop.** Both reach a
+///   machine only if its initial `enter` called `cx.trap_exit()`; a
+///   non-trapping machine is stopped outright by a shutdown request. Write
+///   `shutdown => …` rows only in the states that want to wind down first
+///   (transition into a draining state, `stop` later); write `exit sig => …`
+///   rows to react to linked-peer deaths. Neither is postponable.
 /// * **Stay** = return the current tag. The `prev` you named in `context` is
 ///   bound to the pre-handler state for exactly this — handy in any-state
 ///   (`on _`) rows where there is no single literal tag to write.
@@ -773,12 +1040,12 @@ fn replay<M: Machine>(machine: &mut M, cx: &mut Cx<M::Ev>, postpone: &mut VecDeq
 /// # What it emits
 ///
 /// The unified `enum $Ev` (the `Cast`/`Call`/`Info` wrappers plus the internal
-/// `StateTimeout` / `Timeout` events), `struct $Sm { state, data }`,
+/// `StateTimeout` / `Timeout` / `Shutdown` / `Exit` events), `struct $Sm {
-/// `$Sm::start(init, data) -> GenStatemRef<$Sm>`, and the `Machine` impl:
+/// state, data }`, `$Sm::start(init, data) -> GenStatemRef<$Sm>`, and the
-/// `on_start` runs the initial `enter`; `handle` is the dispatch match plus the
+/// `Machine` impl: `on_start` runs the initial `enter`; `handle` is the
-/// stay/transition/unhandled apply-tail (the cell's sole writer, which also
+/// dispatch match plus the stay/transition/unhandled apply-tail (the cell's
-/// auto-resets the state-timeout on every real transition); and the `enter`
+/// sole writer, which also auto-resets the state-timeout on every real
-/// dispatch.
+/// transition); the `enter` dispatch; and `terminate` when the block is given.
 ///
 /// # Limitation
 ///
@@ -794,9 +1061,10 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
         context ( $data:ident , $cur:ident , $cx:ident ) ;
         enter { $( $est:pat => $ebody:expr ),+ $(,)? }
         $( on $st:pat => { $($rows:tt)* } )+
+        $( terminate { $($tbody:tt)* } )?
     ) => {
         /// Unified inbox payload: the user's `cast`/`call`/`info` enums folded
-        /// together with the runtime's internal timeout events.
+        /// together with the runtime's internal events.
         enum $Ev {
             Cast($Cast),
             Call($Call),
@@ -807,6 +1075,12 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
             StateTimeout,
             /// A named timeout fired (matched in `timeout <pat>` rows).
             Timeout(&'static str),
+            /// A graceful shutdown request reached this (trapping) machine
+            /// (matched in `shutdown` rows). A state with no such row `stop`s.
+            Shutdown,
+            /// A linked peer died (trapping only; matched in `exit <pat>`
+            /// rows). An unmatched exit is silently dropped.
+            Exit($crate::ExitSignal),
         }
 
         struct $sm {
@@ -815,8 +1089,14 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
         }
 
         impl $sm {
+            /// The machine value, for [`gen_statem::run_named`]
+            /// (`$crate::gen_statem::run_named`) or `spawn`.
+            fn new(init: $State, data: $Data) -> $sm {
+                $sm { state: init, data }
+            }
+
             fn start(init: $State, data: $Data) -> $crate::gen_statem::GenStatemRef<$sm> {
-                $crate::gen_statem::spawn($sm { state: init, data })
+                $crate::gen_statem::spawn($sm::new(init, data))
             }
 
             #[allow(unused_variables)]
@@ -840,11 +1120,27 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
                 $Ev::Timeout(name)
             }
 
+            fn shutdown_ev() -> Option<$Ev> {
+                Some($Ev::Shutdown)
+            }
+
+            fn exit_ev(sig: $crate::ExitSignal) -> Option<$Ev> {
+                Some($Ev::Exit(sig))
+            }
+
             fn on_start(&mut self, $cx: &mut $crate::gen_statem::Cx<$Ev>) {
                 let s = self.state;
                 self.enter(s, $cx);
             }
 
+            $(
+                #[allow(unused_variables)]
+                fn terminate(&mut self) {
+                    let $data = &mut self.data;
+                    $($tbody)*
+                }
+            )?
+
             #[allow(unused_variables)]
             #[deny(unreachable_patterns)] // conflicting rows must fail even though
                                           // this match is external-macro-expanded
@@ -860,7 +1156,7 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
                 // untouched), then the consuming `match (state, event)` whose
                 // value is this `Resolution`.
                 let next: $crate::gen_statem::Resolution<$State> =
-                    $crate::gen_statem!(@arms ($Ev) ($cur, ev) [ ] [ ]
+                    $crate::gen_statem!(@arms ($Ev) ($cur, ev, $cx) [ ] [ ]
                         $( on $st => { $($rows)* } )+);
                 match next {
                     $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To(s) if s == $cur => {
@@ -896,7 +1192,7 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
     // is the `Info` silent-drop — last and broadest, so per-state `info` rows
     // stay reachable; cast/call/timeouts get no fallback, so a forgotten pair is
     // still E0004).
-    (@arms ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ]) => {
+    (@arms ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ]) => {
         {
             // Phase 1 — postpone routing (borrow-only). A guard on a postpone
             // row runs here, against by-ref bindings, so it must not depend on
@@ -913,140 +1209,247 @@ macro_rules! gen_statem {
             // returned for it.
             match ($ss, $se) {
                 $($arms)*
+                // Macro-injected defaults, last and broadest so per-state rows
+                // stay reachable; a user's own catch-all row may shadow them
+                // entirely, hence the allow.
+                #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
                 (_, $Ev::Info(_)) => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled,
+                #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+                (_, $Ev::Exit(_)) => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled,
+                #[allow(unreachable_patterns)]
+                (_, $Ev::Shutdown) => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) },
             }
         }
     };
     // Open an on-block: remember its state pat, drain its rows, then continue.
-    (@arms ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ]
+    (@arms ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ]
         on $st:pat => { $($rows:tt)* } $($more:tt)*
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se) [ $($arms)* ] [ $($post)* ] ($st)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx) [ $($arms)* ] [ $($post)* ] ($st)
             { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
 
     // ===== @rows: drain one on-block's rows, threading both accs =============
     // cast, explicit refusal
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { cast $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Cast($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
+    // cast, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { cast $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Cast($ev)) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
     // cast, postpone (defer the event; the replay in a later state handles it)
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { cast $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => postpone , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Cast($ev)) $(if $g)? => unreachable!("postponed event is replayed, not dispatched here"), ]
             [ $($post)* ($st, $Ev::Cast($ev)) $(if $g)? => true, ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // cast, transition / stay / branch
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { cast $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Cast($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // call, explicit refusal
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { call $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Call($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
+    // call, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { call $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Call($ev)) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
     // call, postpone (the Reply rides inside the event onto the queue)
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { call $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => postpone , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Call($ev)) $(if $g)? => unreachable!("postponed event is replayed, not dispatched here"), ]
             [ $($post)* ($st, $Ev::Call($ev)) $(if $g)? => true, ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // call, transition / stay / branch
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { call $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Call($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // info, explicit refusal
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { info $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Info($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
+    // info, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { info $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Info($ev)) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
     // info, postpone
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { info $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => postpone , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Info($ev)) $(if $g)? => unreachable!("postponed event is replayed, not dispatched here"), ]
             [ $($post)* ($st, $Ev::Info($ev)) $(if $g)? => true, ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // info, transition / stay / branch
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { info $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Info($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // state_timeout, explicit refusal (unit event — no pattern; not postponable)
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { state_timeout $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::StateTimeout) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
+    // state_timeout, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { state_timeout $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::StateTimeout) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
     // state_timeout, transition / stay / branch
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { state_timeout $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::StateTimeout) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
     // timeout, explicit refusal (pattern matches the name; not postponable)
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { timeout $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Timeout($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
+    // timeout, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { timeout $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Timeout($ev)) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
     // timeout, transition / stay / branch
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { timeout $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
             [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Timeout($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
             [ $($post)* ]
             ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
     };
+    // shutdown, explicit refusal (unit event — no pattern; not postponable; a state with no shutdown row defaults to `stop`)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { shutdown $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Shutdown) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
+    // shutdown, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { shutdown $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Shutdown) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
+    // shutdown, transition / stay / branch
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { shutdown $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Shutdown) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
+    // exit, explicit refusal (pattern matches the ExitSignal; not postponable)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { exit $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => unhandled , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Exit($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::Unhandled, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
+    // exit, stop (end the machine normally after this event)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { exit $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => stop , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Exit($ev)) $(if $g)? => { $cx.stop(); $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($ss) }, ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
+    // exit, transition / stay / branch
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+        { exit $ev:pat $(if $g:expr)? => $tail:expr , $($rows:tt)* } { $($more:tt)* }
+    ) => {
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@rows ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx)
+            [ $($arms)* ($st, $Ev::Exit($ev)) $(if $g)? => $crate::gen_statem::Resolution::To($tail.into()), ]
+            [ $($post)* ]
+            ($st) { $($rows)* } { $($more)* })
+    };
     // this block is drained: hand the remaining on-blocks back to @arms
-    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
+    (@rows ($Ev:ident) ($ss:expr, $se:expr, $cx:ident) [ $($arms:tt)* ] [ $($post:tt)* ] ($st:pat)
         { } { $($more:tt)* }
     ) => {
-        $crate::gen_statem!(@arms ($Ev) ($ss, $se) [ $($arms)* ] [ $($post)* ] $($more)*)
+        $crate::gen_statem!(@arms ($Ev) ($ss, $se, $cx) [ $($arms)* ] [ $($post)* ] $($more)*)
     };
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ pub use channel::{
 pub use gen_server::{
     call, cast, shutdown, whereis_server, CallError, CallTimeoutError, CastError, GenServer,
     GenServerBuilder, GenServerCtx, GenServerName, GenServerRef, NamedGenServerBuilder,
-    TimerHandle, Watcher,
+    ShutdownAction, StopHandle, TimerHandle, Watcher,
 };
 pub use gen_statem::{
-    CallError as GenStatemCallError, Cx, GenStatemRef, Machine, Reply, Resolution,
+    CallError as GenStatemCallError, Cx, GenStatemName, GenStatemRef, Machine, Reply, Resolution,
     SendError as GenStatemSendError,
 };
 pub use introspect::{
@@ -85,15 +85,15 @@ pub use registry::{
     install, lookup_as, register, resolve_name, send, send_dyn, send_to, unregister, whereis,
     NameResolution, RegisterError, SendError,
 };
-pub use runtime::{init, Config, Runtime};
+pub use runtime::{init, Config, Runtime, RuntimeHandle};
 pub use scheduler::{
-    block_on_io, cancel_timer, request_stop, run, self_pid, send_after, send_after_named,
+    block_on_io, cancel_timer, request_shutdown, request_stop, run, self_pid, send_after,
-    send_after_named_wall, send_after_wall, sleep, sleep_wall, spawn, spawn_addr, spawn_addr_with,
+    send_after_named, send_after_named_wall, send_after_wall, sleep, sleep_wall, spawn, spawn_addr,
-    spawn_under, spawn_under_with, spawn_with, try_spawn, try_spawn_under_with, wait_readable,
+    spawn_addr_with, spawn_under, spawn_under_with, spawn_with, try_spawn, try_spawn_under_with,
-    wait_readable_timeout, wait_writable, wait_writable_timeout, yield_now, FdArm, JoinError,
+    wait_readable, wait_readable_timeout, wait_writable, wait_writable_timeout, yield_now, FdArm,
-    JoinHandle, SpawnError, SpawnOpts,
+    JoinError, JoinHandle, SpawnError, SpawnOpts,
 };
-pub use supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Signal, Strategy};
+pub use supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Shutdown, Signal, Strategy};
 pub use timer::TimerId;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

src/monitor.rs

@@ -98,6 +98,11 @@ pub enum DownReason {
     Panic,
     /// The target was cooperatively cancelled via `request_stop`.
     Stopped,
+    /// A graceful shutdown was requested via `request_shutdown`. Only ever
+    /// appears in an [`ExitSignal`](crate::link::ExitSignal) delivered to a
+    /// trapping actor — never in a [`Down`]: a target that honours the request
+    /// exits *normally*, one that does not trap is `Stopped`.
+    Shutdown,
     /// The target was already gone (finished and reclaimed, or never alive)
     /// at the moment `monitor()` was called.
     NoProc,

src/runtime.rs

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ use crate::supervisor::Signal;
 use crate::timer::Timers;
 
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicPtr, AtomicU32, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, Weak};
 use std::thread;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -904,17 +904,10 @@ pub(crate) struct RuntimeInner {
     pub(crate) live_actors: AtomicU32,
     /// Packed `(index << 32 | generation)` of the run's root (initial) actor,
     /// or `u64::MAX` (the ROOT_PID sentinel) before one is set. When this actor
-    /// finalizes it flags `root_exited`; the scheduler's idle verdict then
+    /// finalizes, `finalize_actor` runs the root-exit shutdown (see
-    /// stops the remaining (parked-forever) actors. Set once per `run()`, right
+    /// `shutdown_forest_roots`). Set once per `run()`, right after the initial
-    /// after the initial spawn.
+    /// spawn.
     pub(crate) root_bits: AtomicU64,
-    /// Set when the root actor finalizes; read by the scheduler's idle verdict
-    /// to trigger the one-shot teardown sweep. Reset per `run()`.
-    pub(crate) root_exited: AtomicBool,
-    /// Guards the teardown sweep to fire at most once per run (a parked-forever
-    /// remainder that survives the sweep falls through to the normal idle wait
-    /// rather than busy-spinning). Reset per `run()`.
-    pub(crate) root_swept: AtomicBool,
     /// Timer heap. Independent lock: never nested with any other.
     pub(crate) timers: Mutex<Timers>,
     /// IO subsystem. `None` between runs. Lock order: io before everything.
@@ -1004,8 +997,6 @@ impl RuntimeInner {
             free: RawMutex::new(free),
             live_actors: AtomicU32::new(0),
             root_bits: AtomicU64::new(u64::MAX),
-            root_exited: AtomicBool::new(false),
-            root_swept: AtomicBool::new(false),
             timers: Mutex::new(timers),
             io: Mutex::new(None),
             next_monitor_id: AtomicU64::new(0),
@@ -1338,10 +1329,9 @@ impl Runtime {
         // requires a running runtime in the thread-local).
         RUNTIME.with(|r| *r.borrow_mut() = Some(self.inner.clone()));
         let initial_handle = crate::scheduler::spawn(f);
-        // The initial actor is the run's root: when it exits, remaining actors
+        // The initial actor is the run's root: its exit means "the program is
-        // are stopped so the run winds down (see finalize_actor / schedule_loop).
+        // done" — every remaining top-level actor is asked to shut down (see
-        self.inner.root_exited.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        // `finalize_actor` / `shutdown_forest_roots`).
-        self.inner.root_swept.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
         self.inner.set_root(initial_handle.pid());
 
         // Launch N-1 extra scheduler threads, named `smarm-sched-{slot}` so
@@ -1457,6 +1447,71 @@ impl Runtime {
             inner: self.inner.clone(),
         }
     }
+
+    /// A `Send + Sync` handle to this runtime, usable from any thread —
+    /// including threads that are not smarm schedulers (an OS-signal handler
+    /// thread, an external event source). Grab it *before* [`run`](Self::run)
+    /// and hand it to e.g. a signal thread; that thread can then
+    /// [`request_stop`](RuntimeHandle::request_stop) the runtime's top
+    /// supervisor to drive an ordered shutdown from outside the runtime.
+    ///
+    /// The in-runtime primitives ([`scheduler::request_stop`](crate::request_stop)
+    /// and friends) reach the runtime through a thread-local that is unset on
+    /// any non-scheduler thread, so they are silent no-ops off-runtime; this
+    /// handle carries its own reference and closes that gap.
+    pub fn handle(&self) -> RuntimeHandle {
+        RuntimeHandle {
+            inner: Arc::downgrade(&self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// RuntimeHandle — off-runtime wake/stop
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A `Send + Sync` handle to a [`Runtime`], obtained from
+/// [`Runtime::handle`]. Lets a thread that is *not* a smarm scheduler thread
+/// drive a cooperative stop into the runtime — the off-runtime counterpart to
+/// [`scheduler::request_stop`](crate::request_stop).
+///
+/// Holds a [`Weak`] to the runtime, for the same reason the IO backend does
+/// (RFC 018): a lingering handle can never keep the runtime's slot table alive
+/// and can never block [`Runtime::run`] from finishing. Once the `Runtime` is
+/// dropped every method is a harmless no-op — the same end state as calling
+/// `request_stop` on an actor that has already exited.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct RuntimeHandle {
+    inner: Weak<RuntimeInner>,
+}
+
+impl RuntimeHandle {
+    /// Ask `pid` to stop cooperatively, from any thread. The off-runtime
+    /// equivalent of [`scheduler::request_stop`](crate::request_stop): it sets
+    /// the target's stop flag and wakes it, so a parked actor unwinds at its
+    /// next checkpoint exactly as it would for an in-runtime stop. A no-op if
+    /// the runtime has been dropped, or if the actor has already exited.
+    pub fn request_stop<A>(&self, pid: Pid<A>) {
+        let pid = pid.erase();
+        // Upgrade the Weak per call, like the IO backend does (io.rs): a live
+        // runtime yields the inner and we drive the same stop the in-runtime
+        // path would; a dropped runtime makes this a no-op.
+        if let Some(inner) = self.inner.upgrade() {
+            crate::scheduler::request_stop_inner(&inner, pid);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ask `pid` to shut down gracefully, from any thread. The off-runtime
+    /// equivalent of [`scheduler::request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown);
+    /// the delivered [`ExitSignal`](crate::ExitSignal) carries `from ==
+    /// ROOT_PID`, since no actor made the request. A no-op if the runtime has
+    /// been dropped, or if the actor has already exited.
+    pub fn request_shutdown<A>(&self, pid: Pid<A>) {
+        let pid = pid.erase();
+        if let Some(inner) = self.inner.upgrade() {
+            crate::scheduler::request_shutdown_inner(&inner, pid, ROOT_PID);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1851,14 +1906,12 @@ fn finalize_actor(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, pid: Pid, outcome: Outcome) {
     // Reclaim if no outstanding handles (re-verified inside).
     reclaim_slot(inner, pid);
 
-    // Root-exit teardown is DEFERRED to the scheduler's idle verdict, not done
+    // Root exit = the program is done. Ask every top-level survivor to shut
-    // here: stopping eagerly would cut off actors that still have queued work
+    // down, right here, before the live-count decrement below: any wake this
-    // (they'd unwind on the stop before draining their mailbox). Flagging it
+    // produces is then ordered before `live_actors` can be observed at its
-    // instead lets the run queue drain naturally first; only the parked-forever
+    // decremented value, same as every other wakeup finalize issues.
-    // remainder (e.g. a server pinned alive by a registered name) is then
-    // stopped, once nothing runnable is left. See `schedule_loop`.
     if inner.is_root(pid) {
-        inner.root_exited.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        shutdown_forest_roots(inner, pid);
     }
 
     // The decrement is LAST: every wakeup this finalize produced (joiners,
@@ -1869,16 +1922,62 @@ fn finalize_actor(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, pid: Pid, outcome: Outcome) {
     debug_assert!(prev >= 1, "live_actors underflow — double finalize");
 }
 
-/// Cooperatively stop every live actor — the root-exit teardown sweep, run from
+/// The root-exit shutdown. Delivers [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown)
-/// `schedule_loop` once the run queue is empty after the root has exited. Each
+/// to every **forest root**: each live actor whose recorded parent
-/// [`request_stop_inner`](crate::scheduler::request_stop_inner) re-verifies the
+/// (`Actor::supervisor` — the spawner for a plain `spawn`, the supervisor for
-/// target under its cold lock, so the racy per-slot generation read is safe: a
+/// `spawn_under`) is the run itself (`ROOT_PID`) or is no longer live. Actors
-/// vacant, dead, or reused slot no-ops. The swept actors unpark, unwind at their
+/// under a live parent are not addressed — that parent is responsible for
-/// next observation point, and finalize, dropping `live_actors` to zero.
+/// them: a supervisor traps and runs its ordered, policy-driven shutdown; a
-fn stop_live_actors(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>) {
+/// bare parent that dies takes non-trapping children with it via the next
+/// pass of this same rule only if it dies *now*, so a parent that outlives
+/// this scan and later dies leaves its subtree to itself (Erlang semantics: an
+/// unlinked spawn is nobody's child).
+///
+/// Semantics per target follow `request_shutdown`: a trapping actor receives
+/// `ExitSignal { from: root, reason: Shutdown }` and may finish work — drain,
+/// keep its timers ticking, then stop itself; a non-trapping one is stopped
+/// outright. There is no second, forcing sweep: an actor that traps and never
+/// stops keeps the run alive by design (put it under a supervisor with a
+/// `Shutdown::Timeout` policy if that is not wanted). Runs once, on the root's
+/// finalize path, so it races only against actors that are still running —
+/// each `request_shutdown_inner` re-verifies its target under the cold lock,
+/// so a slot that dies or is reused mid-scan is a no-op.
+fn shutdown_forest_roots(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, root: Pid) {
     for idx in 0..inner.slots.len() as u32 {
-        let pid = Pid::new(idx, inner.slots[idx as usize].generation());
+        let slot = &inner.slots[idx as usize];
-        crate::scheduler::request_stop_inner(inner, pid);
+        let pid = Pid::new(idx, slot.generation());
+        if pid == root {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Read the parent under the cold lock (generation-verified); act
+        // outside it — `request_shutdown_inner` sends and may unpark.
+        let parent = {
+            let cold = slot.cold.lock();
+            if slot.generation() != pid.generation() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            match cold.actor.as_ref() {
+                Some(a) => a.supervisor,
+                None => continue,
+            }
+        };
+        let parent_live = inner
+            .slot_at(parent)
+            .is_some_and(|ps| ps.is_live_for(parent));
+        if !parent_live {
+            // `_probe` so the trace can say what each leftover was: under
+            // `smarm-trace` every swept actor is a `root_sweep` line — the
+            // visibility that makes "a forgotten actor costs only a slot, never
+            // a hung run" a checkable claim rather than a hope.
+            let found = crate::scheduler::request_shutdown_inner_probe(inner, pid, root);
+            #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "smarm-trace"), allow(unused_variables))]
+            if let Some(trapping) = found {
+                crate::te!(crate::trace::Event::RootSweep {
+                    target: pid,
+                    trapping
+                });
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1962,9 +2061,6 @@ fn schedule_loop(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, slot_idx: usize) {
             Got(Pid),
             Idle,
             AllDone,
-            /// Root has exited and nothing is runnable: stop the parked-forever
-            /// remainder, then re-pop. Fires at most once per run.
-            RootDrain,
         }
 
         // 2a. RFC 005: drain this thread's wake slot before touching the
@@ -2014,15 +2110,6 @@ fn schedule_loop(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, slot_idx: usize) {
                     let live = inner.live_actors.load(Ordering::Acquire);
                     if live == 0 && io_out == 0 {
                         Pop::AllDone
-                    } else if inner.root_exited.load(Ordering::Acquire)
-                        && !inner.root_swept.swap(true, Ordering::AcqRel)
-                    {
-                        // Root gone and nothing runnable — the live remainder
-                        // are parked-forever daemons (Queued actors with pending
-                        // work drained before the queue emptied). Stop them so
-                        // the run can end. One-shot: a survivor falls through to
-                        // the idle wait below on the next pass.
-                        Pop::RootDrain
                     } else {
                         Pop::Idle
                     }
@@ -2050,13 +2137,6 @@ fn schedule_loop(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, slot_idx: usize) {
                     inner.coord.wake_all();
                     return;
                 }
-                Pop::RootDrain => {
-                    // Root has exited and nothing is runnable: stop the
-                    // parked-forever remainder, then loop back to re-pop the
-                    // now-runnable (stopping) actors.
-                    stop_live_actors(inner);
-                    continue;
-                }
                 Pop::Idle => {
                     // Something is still in flight. Park on our own futex
                     // until a producer wakes us (enqueue tail), a deadline
@@ -2087,8 +2167,6 @@ fn schedule_loop(inner: &Arc<RuntimeInner>, slot_idx: usize) {
                             || (inner.live_actors.load(Ordering::Acquire) == 0
                                 && inner.io_outstanding.load(Ordering::Acquire) == 0
                                 && inner.io_fd_waiters.load(Ordering::Acquire) == 0)
-                            || (inner.root_exited.load(Ordering::Acquire)
-                                && !inner.root_swept.load(Ordering::Acquire))
                             || inner.coord.deadline_due()
                     });
                     if tk_deadline.is_some() {

src/scheduler.rs

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ use crate::pid::{Name, Pid};
 use crate::runtime::{self, RuntimeInner, YieldIntent, RUNTIME};
 use crate::supervisor::Signal;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // with_runtime / try_with_runtime
@@ -544,6 +544,29 @@ pub(crate) fn unpark_at(pid: Pid, epoch: u32) {
     let _ = try_with_runtime(|inner| inner.unpark_at(pid, epoch));
 }
 
+// The current actor's runtime as a `Weak`, for a waker that must reach the
+// runtime from a foreign thread later. A channel captures this when its
+// receiver parks, so a cross-thread `send` can wake without the `RUNTIME`
+// thread-local (unset off a scheduler thread). Panics outside `Runtime::run()`,
+// the same contract as `begin_wait`.
+pub(crate) fn runtime_weak() -> Weak<RuntimeInner> {
+    with_runtime(Arc::downgrade)
+}
+
+// Epoch-matched wake of `pid` from a waker that may or may not be on a
+// scheduler thread. On a scheduler thread we take the thread-local path
+// (preemption-gated, slot-eligible); off one that path is a silent no-op, so
+// we reach the runtime through `rt` — the `Weak` the waker captured while it
+// was in-runtime. Mirrors the IO backend's cross-context wake (io.rs, RFC 018).
+pub(crate) fn unpark_at_via(pid: Pid, epoch: u32, rt: &Weak<RuntimeInner>) {
+    if try_with_runtime(|inner| inner.unpark_at(pid, epoch)).is_some() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Some(inner) = rt.upgrade() {
+        inner.unpark_at(pid, epoch);
+    }
+}
+
 // Open a new wait for the current actor and return its wait identity
 // ("epoch"). Call once per wait, before registering with any waker. Lock-free,
 // so it's legal to call while already holding another internal lock.
@@ -577,10 +600,12 @@ pub(crate) fn retire_wait() {
 /// [`JoinHandle::join`] reports it as a normal, non-error exit: cooperative
 /// stop is a controlled shutdown, not a failure.
 ///
-/// This is exactly the mechanism `gen_server` shutdown, supervisor restarts,
+/// This is the *hard* stop — OTP's `exit(Pid, kill)`. It is what a supervisor
-/// and structured teardown are built from: reach for [`GenServerRef::shutdown`](crate::GenServerRef::shutdown)
+/// falls back to when a child overstays its [`Shutdown`](crate::supervisor::Shutdown)
-/// or a [`supervisor`](crate::supervisor) instead of calling this directly
+/// grace period. For a stop the target gets to prepare for, use
-/// where those apply.
+/// [`request_shutdown`]; for structured teardown, reach for
+/// [`GenServerRef::shutdown`](crate::GenServerRef::shutdown) or a
+/// [`supervisor`](crate::supervisor) instead of calling this directly.
 ///
 /// Because it's cooperative, an actor stuck in a tight loop with no
 /// blocking call, no [`check!`](crate::check), and no allocation cannot be
@@ -592,7 +617,8 @@ pub fn request_stop<A>(pid: Pid<A>) {
 }
 
 // The core of `request_stop`, taking the runtime directly so it can also be
-// driven from inside the runtime itself (the root-exit sweep) without
+// driven from inside the runtime itself (the RuntimeHandle path, supervisor
+// sweeps) without
 // re-borrowing the thread-local. Sets the stop flag under the target's lock
 // (a generation mismatch, or no live actor there, makes it a no-op) and
 // wakes the target.
@@ -612,6 +638,68 @@ pub(crate) fn request_stop_inner(inner: &RuntimeInner, pid: Pid) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Ask an actor to shut down gracefully — OTP's `exit(Pid, shutdown)`, where
+/// [`request_stop`] is `exit(Pid, kill)`.
+///
+/// If the target has called [`trap_exit`](crate::trap_exit), it receives an
+/// [`ExitSignal`](crate::ExitSignal) with reason
+/// [`DownReason::Shutdown`](crate::DownReason::Shutdown) on its trap inbox and
+/// keeps running: the request is advisory, and the target is expected to wind
+/// down and exit normally in its own time (a supervisor bounds that time with
+/// its child's [`Shutdown`](crate::supervisor::Shutdown) policy and falls back
+/// to `request_stop`). A target that is not trapping is stopped exactly as by
+/// `request_stop`. A dead pid is a no-op.
+///
+/// The signal's `from` is the calling actor, or `ROOT_PID` when driven from
+/// outside the runtime (see [`RuntimeHandle::request_shutdown`](crate::RuntimeHandle::request_shutdown)).
+pub fn request_shutdown<A>(pid: Pid<A>) {
+    let pid = pid.erase();
+    let from = current_pid().unwrap_or(crate::runtime::ROOT_PID);
+    let _ = try_with_runtime(|inner| request_shutdown_inner(inner, pid, from));
+}
+
+// The core of `request_shutdown`. Reads the target's trap sender under its
+// cold lock (generation-verified), then acts outside the lock: a trap send
+// may unpark the receiver, and `request_stop_inner` re-takes the lock.
+pub(crate) fn request_shutdown_inner(inner: &RuntimeInner, pid: Pid, from: Pid) {
+    request_shutdown_inner_probe(inner, pid, from);
+}
+
+/// [`request_shutdown_inner`], reporting what it found: `Some(true)` if the
+/// target was trapping (got the signal), `Some(false)` if it was stopped
+/// outright, `None` if there was nothing live at `pid`.
+pub(crate) fn request_shutdown_inner_probe(
+    inner: &RuntimeInner,
+    pid: Pid,
+    from: Pid,
+) -> Option<bool> {
+    let trap = match inner.slot_at(pid) {
+        Some(slot) => {
+            let cold = slot.cold.lock();
+            if slot.generation() == pid.generation() {
+                cold.actor.as_ref().map(|a| a.trap.clone())
+            } else {
+                None // stale pid: nothing there to shut down
+            }
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+    match trap {
+        Some(Some(tx)) => {
+            let _ = tx.send(crate::link::ExitSignal {
+                from,
+                reason: crate::monitor::DownReason::Shutdown,
+            });
+            Some(true)
+        }
+        Some(None) => {
+            request_stop_inner(inner, pid);
+            Some(false)
+        }
+        None => None,
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // NoPreempt
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

src/supervisor.rs

@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ impl Signal {
     }
 }
 
-use crate::channel::channel;
+use crate::channel::{channel, RecvTimeoutError};
+use crate::monitor::DownReason;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
@@ -165,15 +166,53 @@ pub enum Restart {
 pub struct ChildSpec {
     start: Arc<dyn Fn() + Send + Sync + 'static>,
     restart: Restart,
+    shutdown: Shutdown,
 }
 
 impl ChildSpec {
+    /// A child with the given restart policy and the default
+    /// [`Shutdown::Timeout`] of 5 seconds.
     pub fn new(restart: Restart, start: impl Fn() + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
         Self {
             start: Arc::new(start),
             restart,
+            shutdown: Shutdown::default(),
         }
     }
+
+    /// Set how the supervisor stops this child (see [`Shutdown`]). A child
+    /// that is itself a supervisor should use [`Shutdown::Infinity`] so its
+    /// own subtree gets its full grace periods.
+    pub fn shutdown(mut self, shutdown: Shutdown) -> Self {
+        self.shutdown = shutdown;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// How a supervisor stops a child it is taking down — the OTP child-spec
+/// `shutdown` value. Applies to every supervisor-initiated stop: the ordered
+/// shutdown of the whole set and the sibling cycling of
+/// [`Strategy::OneForAll`] / [`Strategy::RestForOne`].
+///
+/// A graceful stop is a [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown): a child
+/// that traps exits receives the request as a message and winds down in its
+/// own time; one that does not is stopped outright.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Shutdown {
+    /// `request_stop` immediately; no request, no grace period.
+    BrutalKill,
+    /// `request_shutdown`, wait up to the duration for the child to exit, then
+    /// `request_stop` it. The default, at 5 seconds.
+    Timeout(Duration),
+    /// `request_shutdown` and wait however long the child takes. Use for a
+    /// child supervisor, whose subtree has its own timeouts.
+    Infinity,
+}
+
+impl Default for Shutdown {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Shutdown::Timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
+    }
 }
 
 /// How a supervisor reacts when one child terminates and a restart is due.
@@ -244,23 +283,35 @@ impl OneForOne {
     }
 
     /// Run the supervision loop on the current actor. Returns when every child
-    /// has reached a terminal, non-restartable state, or when the restart
+    /// has reached a terminal, non-restartable state, when the restart
-    /// intensity cap is tripped.
+    /// intensity cap is tripped, or when the supervisor is asked to shut down
+    /// (a [`request_shutdown`](crate::request_shutdown) — from its own
+    /// supervisor, or from the app). On every one of those exits the survivors
+    /// are stopped in reverse start order, each per its
+    /// [`Shutdown`] policy, before this returns.
+    ///
+    /// The supervisor traps exits for the length of the loop (that is how the
+    /// shutdown request reaches it as a message). Should the supervisor itself
+    /// be hard-stopped with [`request_stop`](crate::request_stop), it unwinds
+    /// without waiting for anything — but a drop guard hard-stops its live
+    /// children on the way out, so the subtree is not orphaned (a child
+    /// supervisor unwinds the same way, recursively).
     pub fn run(self) {
         let me = crate::scheduler::self_pid();
         let (tx, rx) = channel::<Signal>();
         crate::scheduler::register_supervisor_channel(me, tx);
+        let exits = crate::link::trap_exit();
 
         // pid -> index into `self.children`, for the children currently alive.
-        let mut by_pid: HashMap<Pid, usize> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut live = Live::default();
         let mut active: usize = 0;
         // Sliding window of recent restart instants, for the intensity cap.
         let mut restarts: Vec<Instant> = Vec::new();
 
-        let start_child = |idx: usize, by_pid: &mut HashMap<Pid, usize>| {
+        let start_child = |idx: usize, live: &mut Live| {
             let start = self.children[idx].start.clone();
             let h = crate::scheduler::spawn_under(me, move || (start)());
-            by_pid.insert(h.pid(), idx);
+            live.insert(h.pid(), idx);
             // We supervise via the signal funnel, not by joining; drop the
             // handle so the child's slot is reclaimed promptly on death (the
             // termination Signal is delivered before reclamation regardless).
@@ -268,28 +319,105 @@ impl OneForOne {
         };
 
         for idx in 0..self.children.len() {
-            start_child(idx, &mut by_pid);
+            start_child(idx, &mut live);
             active += 1;
         }
 
         // A signal that arrives while we are awaiting stop-confirmations (for a
         // child we are *not* currently stopping) is stashed here and processed
-        // by the main loop before it blocks on `recv` again.
+        // by the main loop before it blocks again.
         let mut pending: VecDeque<Signal> = VecDeque::new();
-        let next_signal = |pending: &mut VecDeque<Signal>| -> Option<Signal> {
+
+        // Stop one child per its policy and wait for its termination signal.
+        // Signals for other pids that arrive meanwhile are stashed. Bounded by
+        // construction: `request_stop` (used directly, or as the fallback once
+        // the grace period lapses) always produces a signal.
+        let stop_child = |pid: Pid, idx: usize, pending: &mut VecDeque<Signal>| {
+            let await_one = |deadline: Option<Instant>, pending: &mut VecDeque<Signal>| -> bool {
+                loop {
+                    let sig = match pending.iter().position(|s| s.pid() == pid) {
+                        Some(i) => pending.remove(i),
+                        None => match deadline {
+                            None => rx.recv().ok(),
+                            Some(dl) => {
+                                match rx.recv_timeout(dl.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now()))
+                                {
+                                    Ok(s) => Some(s),
+                                    Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => return false,
+                                    Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => None,
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    };
+                    match sig {
+                        Some(s) if s.pid() == pid => return true,
+                        Some(s) => pending.push_back(s),
+                        None => return true, // funnel closed: nothing more can arrive
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            match self.children[idx].shutdown {
+                Shutdown::BrutalKill => {
+                    crate::scheduler::request_stop(pid);
+                    await_one(None, pending);
+                }
+                Shutdown::Timeout(grace) => {
+                    crate::scheduler::request_shutdown(pid);
+                    if !await_one(Some(Instant::now() + grace), pending) {
+                        crate::scheduler::request_stop(pid);
+                        await_one(None, pending);
+                    }
+                }
+                Shutdown::Infinity => {
+                    crate::scheduler::request_shutdown(pid);
+                    await_one(None, pending);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Stop a set of children in reverse start order, one at a time.
+        let stop_set =
+            |set: &mut Vec<(Pid, usize)>, live: &mut Live, pending: &mut VecDeque<Signal>| {
+                set.sort_unstable_by_key(|x| std::cmp::Reverse(x.1));
+                for (pid, idx) in set.iter() {
+                    live.remove(pid);
+                    stop_child(*pid, *idx, pending);
+                }
+            };
+
+        // Wait for the next event: a stashed signal, a child signal, or a
+        // shutdown request. `Ok(sig)`, or `Err(())` when we must wind down.
+        let next_event = |pending: &mut VecDeque<Signal>| -> Result<Signal, ()> {
+            loop {
                 if let Some(s) = pending.pop_front() {
-                Some(s)
+                    return Ok(s);
-            } else {
+                }
-                rx.recv().ok()
+                // The trap inbox is arm 0: a shutdown request is noticed even
+                // under a flood of child signals.
+                match crate::channel::select(&[&exits, &rx]) {
+                    0 => match exits.try_recv() {
+                        Ok(Some(sig)) if sig.reason == DownReason::Shutdown => return Err(()),
+                        // Any other exit signal (a linked peer's death — a
+                        // supervisor links nothing itself, but may be linked
+                        // to) is not ours to act on; a closed trap inbox is
+                        // impossible while `exits` is held here.
+                        _ => {}
+                    },
+                    _ => match rx.try_recv() {
+                        Ok(Some(s)) => return Ok(s),
+                        Ok(None) => {}
+                        Err(_) => return Err(()), // funnel closed: nothing left to supervise
+                    },
+                }
             }
         };
 
         while active > 0 {
-            let sig = match next_signal(&mut pending) {
+            let sig = match next_event(&mut pending) {
-                Some(s) => s,
+                Ok(s) => s,
-                None => break, // mailbox closed: nothing left to supervise
+                Err(()) => break,
             };
-            let idx = match by_pid.remove(&sig.pid()) {
+            let idx = match live.remove(&sig.pid()) {
                 Some(i) => i,
                 None => continue, // stray/duplicate signal
             };
@@ -321,76 +449,69 @@ impl OneForOne {
             restarts.push(now);
 
             // Which *live* siblings get cycled along with the failed child.
-            // (The failed child is already gone — removed from `by_pid` above.)
+            // (The failed child is already gone — removed from `live` above.)
             let mut to_stop: Vec<(Pid, usize)> = match self.strategy {
                 Strategy::OneForOne => Vec::new(),
-                Strategy::OneForAll => by_pid.iter().map(|(p, i)| (*p, *i)).collect(),
+                Strategy::OneForAll => live.iter().map(|(p, i)| (*p, *i)).collect(),
-                Strategy::RestForOne => by_pid
+                Strategy::RestForOne => live
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|(_, i)| **i > idx)
                     .map(|(p, i)| (*p, *i))
                     .collect(),
             };
-            // Stop survivors in reverse start order (highest child index first).
-            to_stop.sort_unstable_by_key(|x| std::cmp::Reverse(x.1));
 
             // The set we will restart: the failed child plus every sibling we
             // are about to stop, restarted in start (ascending index) order.
             let mut restart_set: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(to_stop.len() + 1);
             restart_set.push(idx);
+            restart_set.extend(to_stop.iter().map(|(_, i)| *i));
 
-            // Request stops, then await each survivor's termination signal
+            // Stop the survivors (each per its policy, reverse start order),
-            // before restarting. `request_stop` on an already-dead pid is a
+            // then restart the whole set in start order. Net effect on
-            // no-op; in that case its (already-sent) Exit signal serves as the
+            // `active`: one child died (idx), `to_stop.len()` were stopped,
-            // confirmation. Any signal for a pid we are *not* awaiting is
+            // and `restart_set.len() == 1 + to_stop.len()` are started — so
-            // stashed for the main loop.
-            let mut awaiting: Vec<Pid> = Vec::with_capacity(to_stop.len());
-            for (pid, cidx) in &to_stop {
-                by_pid.remove(pid);
-                restart_set.push(*cidx);
-                crate::scheduler::request_stop(*pid);
-                awaiting.push(*pid);
-            }
-            while !awaiting.is_empty() {
-                let s = match next_signal(&mut pending) {
-                    Some(s) => s,
-                    None => break, // mailbox closed mid-await; stop waiting
-                };
-                if let Some(pos) = awaiting.iter().position(|p| *p == s.pid()) {
-                    awaiting.swap_remove(pos);
-                } else {
-                    pending.push_back(s);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Restart the whole set in start order. Net effect on `active`:
-            // one child died (idx), `to_stop.len()` were stopped, and
-            // `restart_set.len() == 1 + to_stop.len()` are started — so
             // `active` is unchanged and needs no adjustment here.
+            stop_set(&mut to_stop, &mut live, &mut pending);
             restart_set.sort_unstable();
             for cidx in restart_set {
-                start_child(cidx, &mut by_pid);
+                start_child(cidx, &mut live);
             }
         }
 
-        // Ordered shutdown: stop any survivors in reverse start order and await
+        // Ordered shutdown: stop any survivors in reverse start order, each per
-        // their termination. On the normal `active == 0` exit `by_pid` is empty
+        // its policy. On the normal `active == 0` exit `live` is empty and this
-        // and this is a no-op; on a cap-trip or mailbox-closed break it tears
+        // is a no-op; on a shutdown request, a cap-trip, or a closed funnel it
-        // the remaining children down deterministically instead of leaking them.
+        // tears the remaining children down deterministically.
-        let mut survivors: Vec<(Pid, usize)> = by_pid.iter().map(|(p, i)| (*p, *i)).collect();
+        let mut survivors: Vec<(Pid, usize)> = live.iter().map(|(p, i)| (*p, *i)).collect();
-        survivors.sort_unstable_by_key(|x| std::cmp::Reverse(x.1));
+        stop_set(&mut survivors, &mut live, &mut pending);
-        let mut awaiting: Vec<Pid> = Vec::with_capacity(survivors.len());
-        for (pid, _) in &survivors {
-            crate::scheduler::request_stop(*pid);
-            awaiting.push(*pid);
     }
-        while !awaiting.is_empty() {
+}
-            let s = match next_signal(&mut pending) {
+
-                Some(s) => s,
+/// The live children of a supervisor, with a drop guard: if the supervisor is
-                None => break,
+/// unwound (a hard `request_stop`, or a panic in the loop) its children are
-            };
+/// hard-stopped rather than orphaned. Fire-and-forget by necessity — a guard
-            if let Some(pos) = awaiting.iter().position(|p| *p == s.pid()) {
+/// running mid-unwind cannot park to await anything.
-                awaiting.swap_remove(pos);
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Live(HashMap<Pid, usize>);
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for Live {
+    type Target = HashMap<Pid, usize>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::DerefMut for Live {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        &mut self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Live {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if std::thread::panicking() {
+            for pid in self.0.keys() {
+                crate::scheduler::request_stop(*pid);
             }
         }
     }

src/trace.rs

@@ -46,17 +46,32 @@ mod inner {
     #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
     pub enum Event {
         // Actor lifecycle
-        Spawn { parent: Pid, child: Pid },
+        Spawn {
+            parent: Pid,
+            child: Pid,
+        },
         Resume(Pid),
         Yield(Pid),
         Park(Pid),
         Done(Pid),
+        /// Root exit found a live forest root (an actor nobody supervises)
+        /// and delivered `request_shutdown` to it. `trapping` says whether it
+        /// got the chance to drain (true) or was stopped outright (false).
+        /// Every such line is an actor whose lifetime was nobody's business
+        /// but the runtime's — the way to *see* unsupervised leftovers.
+        RootSweep {
+            target: Pid,
+            trapping: bool,
+        },
         // Wakeup paths
         UnparkDirect(Pid),       // unpark() saw Parked   -> re-queued immediately
         UnparkDeferred(Pid),     // unpark() saw Runnable -> set pending_unpark flag
         UnparkFlagConsumed(Pid), // scheduler saw flag on Park -> re-queued instead
         // Channel
-        Send { sender: Pid, receiver: Option<Pid> },
+        Send {
+            sender: Pid,
+            receiver: Option<Pid>,
+        },
         RecvPark(Pid),
         RecvWake(Pid),
         // Queue
@@ -253,6 +268,13 @@ mod inner {
             Event::Yield(p) => ("yield".into(), p.index()),
             Event::Park(p) => ("park".into(), p.index()),
             Event::Done(p) => ("done".into(), p.index()),
+            Event::RootSweep { target, trapping } => (
+                format!(
+                    "root_sweep {}",
+                    if *trapping { "shutdown" } else { "stopped" }
+                ),
+                target.index(),
+            ),
             Event::UnparkDirect(p) => ("unpark_direct".into(), p.index()),
             Event::UnparkDeferred(p) => ("unpark_deferred".into(), p.index()),
             Event::UnparkFlagConsumed(p) => ("unpark_flag_consumed".into(), p.index()),

tests/cross_thread_wake.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+//! Cross-thread wake: a thread that is *not* a smarm scheduler thread must be
+//! able to wake (and stop) a parked actor.
+//!
+//! The gap this pins down: every off-runtime wake primitive (`unpark`,
+//! `unpark_at`, `request_stop`) reaches the runtime through the `RUNTIME`
+//! thread-local, which is `None` on any non-scheduler thread — so a wake
+//! issued from a foreign OS thread is a silent no-op and the parked actor
+//! sleeps forever. Both failure modes below manifest as `Runtime::run` never
+//! returning, so each test is wrapped in a watchdog: a timeout is the failure.
+//!
+//! The fix mirrors RFC 018's IO backend — the waker reaches the runtime
+//! through a `Weak<RuntimeInner>` it already holds (the receiver captures one
+//! when it parks; `Runtime::handle()` hands one to an app thread).
+
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+const WATCHDOG: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+/// Give the target actor time to actually park before the foreign thread pokes
+/// it, so we exercise the *wake* of a parked actor rather than the entry-side
+/// stop check.
+const SETTLE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(200);
+
+fn assert_send_sync<T: Send + Sync>() {}
+
+/// A cross-thread `send` from a plain OS thread must wake a receiver parked in
+/// `recv`. Under the thread-local-only wake path the send enqueues the message
+/// but never wakes the receiver, so `recv` — and therefore `run` — hangs.
+#[test]
+fn foreign_thread_send_wakes_parked_receiver() {
+    let (done_tx, done_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let rt = smarm::init(smarm::Config::exact(2));
+        rt.run(|| {
+            let (tx, rx) = smarm::channel::<u32>();
+            // Receiver actor: parks on recv until the foreign thread sends.
+            let h = smarm::spawn(move || {
+                assert_eq!(rx.recv().expect("recv"), 42);
+            });
+            // Foreign (non-scheduler) OS thread owns the Sender and sends
+            // after the receiver has parked.
+            let sender = thread::spawn(move || {
+                thread::sleep(SETTLE);
+                tx.send(42).expect("send");
+            });
+            let _ = h.join();
+            sender.join().expect("sender thread");
+        });
+        let _ = done_tx.send(());
+    });
+    done_rx
+        .recv_timeout(WATCHDOG)
+        .expect("run did not return: a foreign-thread send never woke the parked receiver");
+}
+
+/// A cross-thread `request_stop` through a `RuntimeHandle` must wake and stop a
+/// parked actor. The actor parks on a long sleep (only a stop can end it); the
+/// handle is grabbed before `run` and driven from a foreign thread.
+#[test]
+fn foreign_thread_request_stop_wakes_parked_actor() {
+    assert_send_sync::<smarm::RuntimeHandle>();
+
+    let rt = smarm::init(smarm::Config::exact(2));
+    let handle = rt.handle();
+
+    // Foreign thread: learn the target pid from inside the run, let it park,
+    // then stop it through the handle.
+    let (pid_tx, pid_rx) = mpsc::channel::<smarm::Pid>();
+    let stopper = thread::spawn(move || {
+        let pid = pid_rx.recv().expect("pid");
+        thread::sleep(SETTLE);
+        handle.request_stop(pid);
+    });
+
+    let (done_tx, done_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        rt.run(move || {
+            let h = smarm::spawn(|| {
+                // Parks indefinitely; only a cooperative stop unwinds it.
+                smarm::sleep(Duration::from_secs(3600));
+            });
+            pid_tx.send(h.pid()).expect("send pid");
+            let _ = h.join();
+        });
+        let _ = done_tx.send(());
+    });
+
+    done_rx
+        .recv_timeout(WATCHDOG)
+        .expect("run did not return: a foreign-thread request_stop never woke the parked actor");
+    stopper.join().expect("stopper thread");
+}
+
+/// A `RuntimeHandle` held across (and beyond) a run must not keep the runtime
+/// alive or block all-done: `run` still returns, and once the `Runtime` is
+/// dropped the handle degrades to a harmless no-op (Weak lifecycle) rather than
+/// panicking or touching freed memory.
+#[test]
+fn lingering_handle_does_not_block_all_done() {
+    let rt = smarm::init(smarm::Config::exact(1));
+    let handle = rt.handle(); // outlives the run below
+
+    let (pid_tx, pid_rx) = mpsc::channel::<smarm::Pid>();
+    let (done_tx, done_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+    let runner = thread::spawn(move || {
+        rt.run(move || {
+            let h = smarm::spawn(|| {});
+            pid_tx.send(h.pid()).expect("send pid");
+            let _ = h.join();
+        });
+        // `rt` is dropped here, at the end of this thread.
+        let _ = done_tx.send(());
+    });
+
+    done_rx
+        .recv_timeout(WATCHDOG)
+        .expect("run did not return while a RuntimeHandle was held live");
+    runner.join().expect("runner thread");
+
+    // Runtime is now dropped. A stop through the lingering handle must be a
+    // silent no-op, not a panic or use-after-free.
+    let dead_pid = pid_rx.recv().expect("pid");
+    handle.request_stop(dead_pid);
+}

tests/gen_server.rs

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl GenServer for Lifecycle {
     }
 }
 
-// init -> handle_call -> (drop last ref closes inbox) -> terminate.
+// init -> handle_call -> shutdown -> terminate.
 #[test]
 fn init_and_terminate_run() {
     let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ fn init_and_terminate_run() {
     run(move || {
         let server = start(Lifecycle { log: log2 });
         server.call(()).unwrap();
-        // Dropping the only ref closes the inbox; the server breaks out of its
+        // Refs are addresses: dropping one does not end the server. The
-        // recv loop and runs terminate. run() will not return until it has.
+        // explicit close does, and waits for terminate.
-        drop(server);
+        server.shutdown();
     });
     assert_eq!(*log.lock().unwrap(), vec!["init", "call", "terminate"]);
 }
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ fn no_timer_survives_exit() {
         let _ = server.call(()).unwrap(); // sync: periodic armed
         smarm::sleep(Duration::from_millis(45)); // a couple of ticks
         let mon = smarm::monitor(server.pid());
-        drop(server); // inbox closes → loop exits → guard drains timers
+        server.shutdown(); // loop exits → guard drains timers
                            // Clean Down ⇒ the loop returned without the no-leak assert aborting.
         assert!(mon.rx.recv().is_ok());
         let at_exit = f_read.lock().unwrap().len();

tests/gen_server_lifetime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+//! gen_server lifetime is the actor's, not its refs' (OTP: a pid is an
+//! address, a process lives until it stops, is shut down, or is killed).
+//!
+//!  - Dropping the last `GenServerRef` does NOT end the server. It ends via
+//!    `StopHandle::stop`, `request_shutdown` / `GenServerRef::shutdown`,
+//!    `request_stop`, or a handler panic.
+//!  - `GenServerBuilder::named(N).run()` runs the loop inline as the *current*
+//!    actor, so a server is a direct `ChildSpec` child: the supervisor's
+//!    shutdown reaches it as `handle_shutdown`, a restart re-binds the name,
+//!    and by-name `call`/`cast` reach whichever incarnation is live.
+
+use smarm::gen_server::{
+    self, GenServer, GenServerBuilder, GenServerCtx, GenServerName, ShutdownAction, StopHandle,
+};
+use smarm::registry::RegisterError;
+use smarm::supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Shutdown};
+use smarm::{monitor, request_shutdown, run, sleep, spawn, DownReason};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct Log(Arc<Mutex<Vec<String>>>);
+impl Log {
+    fn push(&self, s: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap().push(s.into());
+    }
+    fn get(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap().clone()
+    }
+}
+
+struct Counter {
+    log: Log,
+    n: u64,
+    trap: bool,
+    stop: Option<StopHandle<Counter>>,
+}
+
+enum Call {
+    Get,
+}
+enum Cast {
+    Inc,
+    Stop,
+}
+
+impl GenServer for Counter {
+    type Call = Call;
+    type Reply = u64;
+    type Cast = Cast;
+    type Info = ();
+    type Timer = ();
+
+    fn init(&mut self, ctx: &GenServerCtx<Self>) {
+        if self.trap {
+            ctx.trap_exit();
+        }
+        self.stop = Some(ctx.stop_handle());
+        self.log.push("init");
+    }
+    fn handle_call(&mut self, Call::Get: Call) -> u64 {
+        self.n
+    }
+    fn handle_cast(&mut self, c: Cast) {
+        match c {
+            Cast::Inc => self.n += 1,
+            Cast::Stop => self.stop.as_ref().unwrap().stop(),
+        }
+    }
+    fn handle_shutdown(&mut self) -> ShutdownAction {
+        self.log.push("handle_shutdown");
+        ShutdownAction::Exit
+    }
+    fn terminate(&mut self) {
+        self.log.push("terminate");
+    }
+}
+
+fn counter(log: &Log, trap: bool) -> Counter {
+    Counter {
+        log: log.clone(),
+        n: 0,
+        trap,
+        stop: None,
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Refs are addresses: dropping the last one does not end the server.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn dropping_last_ref_does_not_end_server() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let srv = gen_server::start(counter(&l, true));
+        let pid = srv.pid();
+        srv.cast(Cast::Inc).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(srv.call(Call::Get).unwrap(), 1);
+        let mon = monitor(pid);
+        drop(srv);
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+        assert!(
+            mon.rx.try_recv().unwrap().is_none(),
+            "server must outlive its last ref"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(l.get(), vec!["init"], "terminate must not have run");
+        // Explicit teardown still works, and is what ends it.
+        request_shutdown(pid);
+        let down = mon.rx.recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(down.reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["init", "handle_shutdown", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ref_shutdown_is_the_explicit_close() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let srv = gen_server::start(counter(&l, true));
+        srv.call(Call::Get).unwrap(); // sync: init (and trap_exit) has run
+        srv.shutdown(); // graceful, waits
+        assert_eq!(l.get(), vec!["init", "handle_shutdown", "terminate"]);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn forgotten_server_is_shut_down_at_root_exit() {
+    // A ref-less server is not a hung run: root exit shuts it down.
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let srv = gen_server::start(counter(&l, false));
+        drop(srv);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["init", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Inline run: a gen_server as a direct ChildSpec child.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const COUNTER: GenServerName<Counter> = GenServerName::new("lifetime-counter");
+
+#[test]
+fn named_run_is_a_direct_supervised_child_and_gets_shutdown() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let l2 = l.clone();
+        let sup = spawn(move || {
+            let l3 = l2.clone();
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(
+                    ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, move || {
+                        GenServerBuilder::new(counter(&l3, true))
+                            .named(COUNTER)
+                            .run()
+                            .expect("name free");
+                    })
+                    .shutdown(Shutdown::Infinity),
+                )
+                .run();
+        });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        gen_server::cast(COUNTER, Cast::Inc).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gen_server::call(COUNTER, Call::Get).unwrap(), 1);
+        request_shutdown(sup.pid());
+        sup.join()
+            .expect("ordered shutdown, supervisor returns normally");
+        assert_eq!(l.get(), vec!["init", "handle_shutdown", "terminate"]);
+        assert!(gen_server::whereis_server(COUNTER).is_none());
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn named_run_child_restarts_and_rebinds_name() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let inits = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    let i = inits.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let l2 = l.clone();
+        let i2 = i.clone();
+        let sup = spawn(move || {
+            let l3 = l2.clone();
+            let i3 = i2.clone();
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, move || {
+                    i3.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    GenServerBuilder::new(counter(&l3, false))
+                        .named(COUNTER)
+                        .run()
+                        .expect("name free on (re)start");
+                }))
+                .run();
+        });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        gen_server::cast(COUNTER, Cast::Inc).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gen_server::call(COUNTER, Call::Get).unwrap(), 1);
+        // Normal self-exit → Permanent restarts it, fresh state, same name.
+        gen_server::cast(COUNTER, Cast::Stop).unwrap();
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+        assert_eq!(i.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2, "restarted once");
+        assert_eq!(gen_server::call(COUNTER, Call::Get).unwrap(), 0);
+        request_shutdown(sup.pid());
+        sup.join().unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["init", "terminate", "init", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn named_run_name_clash_fails_before_init() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let first = GenServerBuilder::new(counter(&l, false))
+            .named(COUNTER)
+            .start()
+            .unwrap();
+        let l2 = l.clone();
+        let res = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+        let r2 = res.clone();
+        let first_pid = first.pid();
+        spawn(move || {
+            let r = GenServerBuilder::new(counter(&l2, false))
+                .named(COUNTER)
+                .run();
+            *r2.lock().unwrap() = Some(r);
+        })
+        .join()
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            *res.lock().unwrap(),
+            Some(Err(RegisterError::NameTaken { holder: first_pid }))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(l.get(), vec!["init"], "clashing server never ran init");
+        first.shutdown();
+    });
+}

tests/gen_server_shutdown.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+//! gen_server graceful shutdown.
+//!
+//!  - A server that does not opt in (`ctx.trap_exit()` in `init`) is stopped
+//!    outright by `request_shutdown`, exactly as by `request_stop`.
+//!  - A trapping server receives the request as `handle_shutdown`. The default
+//!    returns `ShutdownAction::Exit`: the loop breaks and `terminate` runs on
+//!    the normal (non-unwind) path, so it may block. `Continue` keeps the loop
+//!    dispatching; the state later ends itself with a `StopHandle` — the only
+//!    way for a gen_server to exit *normally* on its own (`request_stop` on
+//!    self is an abnormal `Stopped`, which `Transient` restarts).
+//!  - Other exit signals (linked peers dying) reach a trapping server via
+//!    `handle_exit`.
+
+use smarm::gen_server::{
+    start, GenServer, GenServerBuilder, GenServerCtx, GenServerRef, ShutdownAction, StopHandle,
+};
+use smarm::supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart};
+use smarm::{link, monitor, request_shutdown, run, self_pid, sleep, spawn, DownReason, ExitSignal};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct Log {
+    events: Arc<Mutex<Vec<&'static str>>>,
+}
+impl Log {
+    fn push(&self, e: &'static str) {
+        self.events.lock().unwrap().push(e);
+    }
+    fn get(&self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+        self.events.lock().unwrap().clone()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A server with configurable shutdown behaviour.
+struct Srv {
+    log: Log,
+    trap: bool,
+    action: ShutdownAction,
+    stop: Option<StopHandle<Srv>>,
+    exits: Arc<Mutex<Vec<ExitSignal>>>,
+}
+
+impl Srv {
+    fn new(log: &Log, trap: bool, action: ShutdownAction) -> Self {
+        Srv {
+            log: log.clone(),
+            trap,
+            action,
+            stop: None,
+            exits: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum Cast {
+    Note(&'static str),
+    StopNow,
+}
+
+impl GenServer for Srv {
+    type Call = ();
+    type Reply = ();
+    type Cast = Cast;
+    type Info = ();
+    type Timer = ();
+
+    fn init(&mut self, ctx: &GenServerCtx<Self>) {
+        if self.trap {
+            ctx.trap_exit();
+        }
+        self.stop = Some(ctx.stop_handle());
+    }
+    fn handle_call(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_cast(&mut self, c: Cast) {
+        match c {
+            Cast::Note(s) => self.log.push(s),
+            Cast::StopNow => self.stop.as_ref().unwrap().stop(),
+        }
+    }
+    fn handle_shutdown(&mut self) -> ShutdownAction {
+        self.log.push("handle_shutdown");
+        self.action
+    }
+    fn handle_exit(&mut self, sig: ExitSignal) {
+        self.log.push("handle_exit");
+        self.exits.lock().unwrap().push(sig);
+    }
+    fn terminate(&mut self) {
+        // Allowed to block on the graceful path.
+        if self.trap {
+            sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+        self.log.push("terminate");
+    }
+}
+
+fn spawn_settled<G: GenServer>(state: G) -> GenServerRef<G> {
+    let r = start(state);
+    sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)); // let init (trap_exit) run
+    r
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_trapping_server_is_stopped_outright() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = spawn_settled(Srv::new(&l, false, ShutdownAction::Exit));
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        let d = mon.rx.recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.reason, DownReason::Stopped);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trapping_server_exits_normally_via_handle_shutdown() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = spawn_settled(Srv::new(&l, true, ShutdownAction::Exit));
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        let d = mon.rx.recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["handle_shutdown", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn continue_keeps_dispatching_until_stop_handle() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = spawn_settled(Srv::new(&l, true, ShutdownAction::Continue));
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        r.cast(Cast::Note("after-shutdown-request")).unwrap();
+        r.cast(Cast::StopNow).unwrap();
+        let d = mon.rx.recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        log.get(),
+        vec!["handle_shutdown", "after-shutdown-request", "terminate"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stop_handle_is_a_normal_exit_that_transient_does_not_restart() {
+    let starts = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let s = starts.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let s2 = s.clone();
+        let sup = spawn(move || {
+            let s3 = s2.clone();
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Transient, move || {
+                    s3.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                    let log = Log::default();
+                    let r = GenServerBuilder::new(Srv::new(&log, false, ShutdownAction::Exit))
+                        .under(self_pid())
+                        .start();
+                    r.cast(Cast::StopNow).unwrap();
+                    // Block until the server is gone; a bare spawn parent
+                    // returning would not itself end the server.
+                    let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+                    let _ = mon.rx.recv();
+                }))
+                .run();
+        });
+        sup.join().unwrap(); // returns only if the child was not restarted forever
+    });
+    assert_eq!(starts.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn linked_peer_death_reaches_handle_exit() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    let alive = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let a = alive.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = spawn_settled(Srv::new(&l, true, ShutdownAction::Exit));
+        let pid = r.pid();
+        let peer = spawn(move || {
+            link(pid);
+            panic!("peer dies");
+        });
+        let _ = peer.join();
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        r.cast(Cast::Note("still-serving")).unwrap();
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        a.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        r.shutdown(); // graceful; waits for terminate
+    });
+    assert!(alive.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+    assert_eq!(
+        log.get(),
+        vec![
+            "handle_exit",
+            "still-serving",
+            "handle_shutdown",
+            "terminate"
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn gen_server_ref_shutdown_is_graceful_for_a_trapping_server() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = spawn_settled(Srv::new(&l, true, ShutdownAction::Exit));
+        r.shutdown();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["handle_shutdown", "terminate"]);
+}

tests/gen_statem_lifetime.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+//! gen_statem lifetime parity with gen_server: a machine lives until it
+//! stops, is shut down, or is killed — its refs are addresses. And
+//! `gen_statem::run_named` runs a machine inline as the current actor, so it
+//! is a direct `ChildSpec` child addressed by name.
+
+use smarm::gen_statem::{self, GenStatemName, Reply};
+use smarm::supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Shutdown};
+use smarm::{monitor, request_shutdown, run, sleep, spawn, DownReason};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct Log(Arc<Mutex<Vec<&'static str>>>);
+impl Log {
+    fn push(&self, e: &'static str) {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap().push(e);
+    }
+    fn get(&self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap().clone()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum S {
+    On,
+}
+
+struct D {
+    log: Log,
+    trap: bool,
+    n: u64,
+}
+
+enum Cast {
+    Inc,
+    StopNow,
+}
+enum Call {
+    Get(Reply<u64>),
+}
+
+smarm::gen_statem! {
+    machine: Sm { state: S, data: D };
+    event:   Ev { cast: Cast, call: Call, info: () };
+    context(data, prev, cx);
+
+    enter {
+        S::On => { data.log.push("enter"); if data.trap { cx.trap_exit() } },
+    }
+
+    on S::On => {
+        cast Cast::Inc     => { data.n += 1; prev },
+        cast Cast::StopNow => stop,
+        call Call::Get(r)  => { r.reply(data.n); prev },
+        shutdown           => { data.log.push("shutdown"); cx.stop(); prev },
+        state_timeout      => unhandled,
+        timeout _          => unhandled,
+    }
+
+    terminate { data.log.push("terminate"); }
+}
+
+fn d(log: &Log, trap: bool) -> D {
+    D {
+        log: log.clone(),
+        trap,
+        n: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dropping_last_ref_does_not_end_machine() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let m = Sm::start(S::On, d(&l, true));
+        let pid = m.pid();
+        m.send(Ev::Cast(Cast::Inc)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(m.call(|r| Ev::Call(Call::Get(r))).unwrap(), 1);
+        let mon = monitor(pid);
+        drop(m);
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+        assert!(
+            mon.rx.try_recv().unwrap().is_none(),
+            "machine must outlive its refs"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(l.get(), vec!["enter"]);
+        request_shutdown(pid);
+        assert_eq!(mon.rx.recv().unwrap().reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["enter", "shutdown", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+const SM: GenStatemName<Sm> = GenStatemName::new("lifetime-sm");
+
+#[test]
+fn run_named_is_a_direct_supervised_child() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let l2 = l.clone();
+        let sup = spawn(move || {
+            let l3 = l2.clone();
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(
+                    ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, move || {
+                        gen_statem::run_named(SM, Sm::new(S::On, d(&l3, true))).expect("name free");
+                    })
+                    .shutdown(Shutdown::Infinity),
+                )
+                .run();
+        });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        gen_statem::send(SM, Ev::Cast(Cast::Inc)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gen_statem::call(SM, |r| Ev::Call(Call::Get(r))).unwrap(), 1);
+        // Normal self-exit → Permanent restart → fresh data, same name.
+        gen_statem::send(SM, Ev::Cast(Cast::StopNow)).unwrap();
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+        assert_eq!(gen_statem::call(SM, |r| Ev::Call(Call::Get(r))).unwrap(), 0);
+        request_shutdown(sup.pid());
+        sup.join().unwrap();
+        assert!(gen_statem::whereis_machine(SM).is_none());
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        log.get(),
+        vec!["enter", "terminate", "enter", "shutdown", "terminate"]
+    );
+}

tests/gen_statem_shutdown.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+//! gen_statem graceful shutdown — the gen_server surface, in state-machine
+//! clothes. Where gen_server routes a shutdown request to a `handle_shutdown`
+//! method, a gen_statem gets it as an **event** so it can be routed by state:
+//!
+//!  - A machine that does not opt in (`cx.trap_exit()` in the initial `enter`)
+//!    is stopped outright by `request_shutdown`, exactly as by `request_stop`.
+//!  - A trapping machine sees the request as a `shutdown` row (a unit event
+//!    like `state_timeout`). The macro's default, when a state writes no
+//!    `shutdown` row, is `stop` — the loop breaks and `terminate` runs on the
+//!    normal path. A row may instead transition (e.g. into a Draining state)
+//!    and `stop` later from any row via the `stop` tail keyword.
+//!  - Linked-peer deaths reach a trapping machine as `exit <pat>` rows; an
+//!    unmatched exit is silently dropped, like an unmatched info.
+//!  - `terminate { … }` is an optional macro block, run on every exit path.
+
+use smarm::gen_statem;
+use smarm::gen_statem::{GenStatemRef, Reply};
+use smarm::{link, monitor, request_shutdown, run, sleep, spawn, DownReason, ExitSignal};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct Log(Arc<Mutex<Vec<&'static str>>>);
+impl Log {
+    fn push(&self, e: &'static str) {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap().push(e);
+    }
+    fn get(&self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+        self.0.lock().unwrap().clone()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum S {
+    Idle,
+    Draining,
+}
+
+struct D {
+    log: Log,
+    trap: bool,
+    exits: Vec<ExitSignal>,
+}
+
+enum Cast {
+    Note(&'static str),
+    StopNow,
+}
+enum Call {
+    Exits(Reply<usize>),
+}
+
+gen_statem! {
+    machine: Sm { state: S, data: D };
+    event:   Ev { cast: Cast, call: Call, info: () };
+    context(data, prev, cx);
+
+    enter {
+        S::Idle => if data.trap { cx.trap_exit() },
+        S::Draining => { data.log.push("draining"); cx.state_timeout(Duration::from_millis(30)); },
+    }
+
+    on S::Idle => {
+        // Shutdown in Idle: go drain first, stop later.
+        shutdown           => S::Draining,
+        cast Cast::StopNow => stop,
+        state_timeout      => unhandled,
+    }
+
+    on S::Draining => {
+        // Drained: end the machine normally.
+        state_timeout      => { data.log.push("drained"); cx.stop(); prev },
+        // A second request while draining is ignored.
+        shutdown           => unhandled,
+        cast Cast::StopNow => stop,
+    }
+
+    on _ => {
+        cast Cast::Note(s)  => { data.log.push(s); prev },
+        call Call::Exits(r) => { r.reply(data.exits.len()); prev },
+        exit sig            => { data.log.push("exit"); data.exits.push(sig); prev },
+        timeout _           => unhandled,
+    }
+
+    terminate {
+        data.log.push("terminate");
+    }
+}
+
+/// A machine with no `shutdown` rows at all: the macro default applies.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum P {
+    On,
+}
+struct PD {
+    log: Log,
+}
+enum PCast {}
+enum PCall {}
+
+gen_statem! {
+    machine: Plain { state: P, data: PD };
+    event:   PEv { cast: PCast, call: PCall, info: () };
+    context(data, prev, cx);
+    enter { P::On => cx.trap_exit(), }
+    on P::On => {
+        cast _        => unhandled,
+        call _        => unhandled,
+        state_timeout => unhandled,
+        timeout _     => unhandled,
+    }
+    terminate { data.log.push("terminate"); }
+}
+
+fn settled(log: &Log, trap: bool) -> GenStatemRef<Sm> {
+    let r = Sm::start(
+        S::Idle,
+        D {
+            log: log.clone(),
+            trap,
+            exits: Vec::new(),
+        },
+    );
+    sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)); // let on_start (trap_exit) run
+    r
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_trapping_machine_is_stopped_outright() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = settled(&l, false);
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        assert_eq!(mon.rx.recv().unwrap().reason, DownReason::Stopped);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shutdown_row_routes_by_state_and_stop_tail_exits_normally() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = settled(&l, true);
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        // The second request lands in Draining and is `unhandled` (ignored).
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        assert_eq!(mon.rx.recv().unwrap().reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["draining", "drained", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_shutdown_is_stop() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = Plain::start(P::On, PD { log: l });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        request_shutdown(r.pid());
+        assert_eq!(mon.rx.recv().unwrap().reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stop_tail_from_a_cast_is_a_normal_exit() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = settled(&l, false);
+        let mon = monitor(r.pid());
+        r.send(Ev::Cast(Cast::Note("a"))).unwrap();
+        r.send(Ev::Cast(Cast::StopNow)).unwrap();
+        r.send(Ev::Cast(Cast::Note("after-stop"))).unwrap(); // never dispatched
+        assert_eq!(mon.rx.recv().unwrap().reason, DownReason::Exit);
+    });
+    assert_eq!(log.get(), vec!["a", "terminate"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn linked_peer_death_reaches_exit_row() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = settled(&l, true);
+        let pid = r.pid();
+        let peer = spawn(move || {
+            link(pid);
+            panic!("peer dies");
+        });
+        let _ = peer.join();
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        r.send(Ev::Cast(Cast::Note("still-running"))).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r.call(|r| Ev::Call(Call::Exits(r))).unwrap(), 1);
+        r.shutdown();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        log.get(),
+        vec!["exit", "still-running", "draining", "drained", "terminate"]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ref_shutdown_is_graceful_and_waits() {
+    let log = Log::default();
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let r = settled(&l, true);
+        r.shutdown();
+        // terminate has run by the time shutdown() returns.
+        assert_eq!(l.get(), vec!["draining", "drained", "terminate"]);
+    });
+}

tests/root_exit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+//! Root exit — the run's initial actor returning means "the program is done".
+//!
+//! When the root finalizes, the runtime delivers `request_shutdown` to every
+//! **forest root**: each live actor whose parent is the run itself (a plain
+//! `spawn` from the root closure) or is already dead. Nothing below a live
+//! parent is touched directly — a supervisor gets one request and runs its
+//! own ordered shutdown per child `Shutdown` policy.
+//!
+//!  - Non-trapping actors are stopped outright, exactly as by
+//!    `request_shutdown` — a `spawn(|| { sleep(..); work() })` the root did
+//!    not `join` does NOT get to finish. Join it, supervise it, or trap.
+//!  - Trapping actors get `handle_shutdown` / an `ExitSignal{Shutdown}` and
+//!    may keep running (`Continue`, drain, then stop themselves) — timers and
+//!    all; the run ends when they do. There is no second, forcing sweep.
+//!  - A periodic-timer daemon (the classic wedge) never blocks `run()`.
+
+use smarm::gen_server::{start, GenServer, GenServerCtx, ShutdownAction, StopHandle, TimerHandle};
+use smarm::supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Shutdown};
+use smarm::{run, sleep, spawn, trap_exit, DownReason};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+fn assert_prompt(start: Instant, what: &str) {
+    assert!(
+        start.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(2),
+        "{what}: run() took {:?}",
+        start.elapsed()
+    );
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Bare (non-gen_server) actors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A non-trapping sleeper the root did not join is stopped, not waited for.
+#[test]
+fn unjoined_non_trapping_sleeper_is_stopped() {
+    let finished = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let f = finished.clone();
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    run(move || {
+        spawn(move || {
+            sleep(Duration::from_secs(5));
+            f.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        });
+    });
+    assert_prompt(t, "sleeper");
+    assert!(
+        !finished.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "sleeper should have been stopped"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A trapping bare actor sees `Shutdown` from the root's exit and may keep
+/// working — here it sleeps (a timer!) after the signal, then returns. The
+/// run waits for it: no forcing sweep.
+#[test]
+fn trapping_actor_may_finish_after_shutdown_signal() {
+    let finished = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let f = finished.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        spawn(move || {
+            let inbox = trap_exit();
+            let sig = inbox.recv().expect("shutdown signal");
+            assert_eq!(sig.reason, DownReason::Shutdown);
+            sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));
+            f.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        });
+        // Trapping is a runtime opt-in: give the actor a chance to run
+        // `trap_exit()`; a not-yet-run actor is non-trapping and is stopped.
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+    });
+    assert!(
+        finished.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "trapping actor must be allowed to finish"
+    );
+}
+
+/// The classic wedge: a lazily spawned daemon that never returns on its own.
+#[test]
+fn parked_forever_daemon_does_not_block_run() {
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    run(|| {
+        let (_tx, rx) = smarm::channel::<()>();
+        spawn(move || {
+            let _ = rx.recv(); // parked forever: sender is held by the root, which returns
+        });
+        // Leak the sender into the daemon's own scope so nothing else drops it.
+        std::mem::forget(_tx);
+    });
+    assert_prompt(t, "daemon");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// gen_servers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A non-trapping ticker with a periodic timer: the timer wheel is never empty,
+/// and root exit must still end the run.
+struct Ticker {
+    ticks: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+}
+impl GenServer for Ticker {
+    type Call = ();
+    type Reply = ();
+    type Cast = ();
+    type Info = ();
+    type Timer = ();
+    fn init(&mut self, ctx: &GenServerCtx<Self>) {
+        ctx.timer().tick_every(Duration::from_millis(5), ());
+    }
+    fn handle_call(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_cast(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_timer(&mut self, _: ()) {
+        self.ticks.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn periodic_timer_daemon_does_not_block_run() {
+    let ticks = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let tk = ticks.clone();
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    run(move || {
+        let _r = start(Ticker { ticks: tk });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+    });
+    assert_prompt(t, "ticker");
+    assert!(
+        ticks.load(Ordering::SeqCst) >= 3,
+        "ticker should have ticked"
+    );
+}
+
+/// A trapping server that answers `Continue`, keeps ticking on its own timer
+/// (draining), and stops itself later. Root exit must not cut it short.
+struct Drainer {
+    log: Arc<Mutex<Vec<&'static str>>>,
+    shutdowns: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    ticks_after_shutdown: usize,
+    stop: Option<StopHandle<Drainer>>,
+    timer: Option<TimerHandle<Drainer>>,
+    draining: bool,
+}
+impl GenServer for Drainer {
+    type Call = ();
+    type Reply = ();
+    type Cast = ();
+    type Info = ();
+    type Timer = ();
+    fn init(&mut self, ctx: &GenServerCtx<Self>) {
+        ctx.trap_exit();
+        self.stop = Some(ctx.stop_handle());
+        self.timer = Some(ctx.timer());
+    }
+    fn handle_call(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_cast(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_shutdown(&mut self) -> ShutdownAction {
+        self.shutdowns.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        self.log.lock().unwrap().push("handle_shutdown");
+        self.draining = true;
+        self.timer
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .tick_every(Duration::from_millis(10), ());
+        ShutdownAction::Continue
+    }
+    fn handle_timer(&mut self, _: ()) {
+        if !self.draining {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.ticks_after_shutdown += 1;
+        if self.ticks_after_shutdown == 3 {
+            self.log.lock().unwrap().push("drained");
+            self.stop.as_ref().unwrap().stop();
+        }
+    }
+    fn terminate(&mut self) {
+        self.log.lock().unwrap().push("terminate");
+    }
+}
+
+fn drainer(log: &Arc<Mutex<Vec<&'static str>>>, shutdowns: &Arc<AtomicUsize>) -> Drainer {
+    Drainer {
+        log: log.clone(),
+        shutdowns: shutdowns.clone(),
+        ticks_after_shutdown: 0,
+        stop: None,
+        timer: None,
+        draining: false,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn trapping_server_drains_with_timers_after_root_exit() {
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let shutdowns = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let (l, s) = (log.clone(), shutdowns.clone());
+    run(move || {
+        let r = start(drainer(&l, &s));
+        // A gen_server's lifetime is governed by its refs: dropping the last
+        // one closes the inbox and ends the loop cleanly, which would cut the
+        // drain short for a reason unrelated to root exit. Pin it the way a
+        // registered name would.
+        std::mem::forget(r);
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)); // let init (trap_exit) run
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        *log.lock().unwrap(),
+        vec!["handle_shutdown", "drained", "terminate"]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(shutdowns.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Supervision trees: only forest roots are addressed
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// The supervisor gets ONE request and runs its ordered shutdown; a trapping
+/// child under it sees exactly one `Shutdown` — from the supervisor, not a
+/// second one from the runtime — and is allowed to finish its drain (a sleep,
+/// i.e. a timer) under `Shutdown::Infinity`.
+#[test]
+fn supervised_children_are_shut_down_only_via_their_supervisor() {
+    let signals = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let drained = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let sup_returned = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let (sg, dr, sr) = (signals.clone(), drained.clone(), sup_returned.clone());
+    run(move || {
+        spawn(move || {
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(
+                    ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, move || {
+                        let inbox = trap_exit();
+                        while let Ok(sig) = inbox.recv() {
+                            if sig.reason == DownReason::Shutdown {
+                                sg.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                                sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));
+                                // A late second signal would land here.
+                                while let Ok(Some(sig)) = inbox.try_recv() {
+                                    if sig.reason == DownReason::Shutdown {
+                                        sg.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                dr.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .shutdown(Shutdown::Infinity),
+                )
+                .run();
+            sr.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(30)); // let the tree settle
+    });
+    assert!(
+        sup_returned.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "supervisor should return normally"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        drained.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "child should finish its drain"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(signals.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+}
+
+/// A supervised non-trapping child under `Shutdown::Timeout` is stopped by
+/// the supervisor's policy, and the run ends promptly.
+#[test]
+fn supervisor_tree_is_torn_down_promptly_on_root_exit() {
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    run(|| {
+        spawn(|| {
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(
+                    ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, || loop {
+                        sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+                    })
+                    .shutdown(Shutdown::Timeout(Duration::from_millis(50))),
+                )
+                .run();
+        });
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+    });
+    assert_prompt(t, "tree");
+}

tests/root_sweep_trace.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//! Under `smarm-trace`, every actor the root-exit sweep reaches is recorded
+//! as a `root_sweep` event — the way to *see* unsupervised leftovers. One test
+//! per binary: the trace file is process-global.
+#![cfg(feature = "smarm-trace")]
+
+use smarm::gen_server::{self, GenServer, GenServerCtx};
+use smarm::run;
+
+struct Quiet;
+impl GenServer for Quiet {
+    type Call = ();
+    type Reply = ();
+    type Cast = ();
+    type Info = ();
+    type Timer = ();
+    fn init(&mut self, _: &GenServerCtx<Self>) {}
+    fn handle_call(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+    fn handle_cast(&mut self, _: ()) {}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn forgotten_server_shows_up_as_root_sweep() {
+    let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("smarm_root_sweep_{}.json", std::process::id()));
+    std::env::set_var("SMARM_TRACE_FILE", &path);
+    run(|| {
+        let srv = gen_server::start(Quiet);
+        srv.call(()).unwrap();
+        drop(srv); // forgotten: nobody supervises it, nobody holds it
+    });
+    let trace = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).expect("trace file written");
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+    assert!(
+        trace.contains("root_sweep stopped"),
+        "expected a root_sweep line for the non-trapping leftover; got:\n{trace}"
+    );
+}

tests/shutdown.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+//! Graceful shutdown — `request_shutdown` (OTP `exit(Pid, shutdown)`).
+//!
+//! `request_stop` is `exit(Pid, kill)`: an uncatchable unwind at the target's
+//! next observation point. `request_shutdown` is the polite form:
+//!   - a target that is NOT trapping exits is stopped exactly as by
+//!     `request_stop` (OTP's rule: don't trap, you die);
+//!   - a target that IS trapping receives an `ExitSignal { reason: Shutdown }`
+//!     on its trap inbox and keeps running — it is expected to wind down and
+//!     exit normally on its own.
+
+use smarm::{monitor, request_shutdown, run, self_pid, sleep, spawn, trap_exit, DownReason, Pid};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc};
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+const WATCHDOG: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
+#[test]
+fn request_shutdown_stops_a_non_trapping_actor() {
+    run(|| {
+        let h = spawn(|| sleep(Duration::from_secs(3600)));
+        let mon = monitor(h.pid());
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        let down = mon.rx.recv().expect("down");
+        assert_eq!(down.reason, DownReason::Stopped);
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn request_shutdown_is_a_message_to_a_trapping_actor() {
+    let unwound = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let u = unwound.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        struct Unwound(Arc<AtomicBool>);
+        impl Drop for Unwound {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                if std::thread::panicking() {
+                    self.0.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let (tx, rx) = smarm::channel::<(Pid, DownReason)>();
+        let (ready_tx, ready_rx) = smarm::channel::<()>();
+        let h = spawn(move || {
+            let _g = Unwound(u);
+            let inbox = trap_exit();
+            let _ = ready_tx.send(());
+            let sig = inbox.recv().expect("exit signal");
+            let _ = tx.send((sig.from, sig.reason));
+            // Keep doing work after the request: shutdown is advisory.
+            sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+        });
+        // Trapping is set by the target itself; a request that beats it is a
+        // plain stop (same window as OTP's exit-before-process_flag).
+        ready_rx.recv().expect("ready");
+        let me = self_pid();
+        let mon = monitor(h.pid());
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        let (from, reason) = rx.recv().expect("relayed");
+        assert_eq!(from, me);
+        assert_eq!(reason, DownReason::Shutdown);
+        let down = mon.rx.recv().expect("down");
+        assert_eq!(
+            down.reason,
+            DownReason::Exit,
+            "target exited normally, not stopped"
+        );
+    });
+    assert!(
+        !unwound.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "trapping target must not be unwound"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn request_shutdown_on_dead_pid_is_a_no_op() {
+    run(|| {
+        let h = spawn(|| {});
+        let pid = h.pid();
+        let _ = h.join();
+        request_shutdown(pid); // must not panic
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn handle_request_shutdown_from_foreign_thread() {
+    let rt = smarm::init(smarm::Config::exact(2));
+    let handle = rt.handle();
+
+    let (pid_tx, pid_rx) = mpsc::channel::<Pid>();
+    let requester = thread::spawn(move || {
+        let pid = pid_rx.recv().expect("pid");
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+        handle.request_shutdown(pid);
+    });
+
+    let (done_tx, done_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        rt.run(move || {
+            let (tx, rx) = smarm::channel::<DownReason>();
+            let (ready_tx, ready_rx) = smarm::channel::<()>();
+            let h = spawn(move || {
+                let inbox = trap_exit();
+                let _ = ready_tx.send(());
+                let sig = inbox.recv().expect("exit signal");
+                let _ = tx.send(sig.reason);
+            });
+            ready_rx.recv().expect("ready");
+            pid_tx.send(h.pid()).expect("send pid");
+            let reason = rx.recv().expect("relayed");
+            assert_eq!(reason, DownReason::Shutdown);
+            let _ = h.join();
+        });
+        let _ = done_tx.send(());
+    });
+
+    done_rx
+        .recv_timeout(WATCHDOG)
+        .expect("run did not return: foreign-thread request_shutdown never reached the target");
+    requester.join().expect("requester thread");
+}

tests/supervisor_shutdown.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+//! Supervisor shutdown — the OTP child-spec `shutdown` policy.
+//!
+//! A supervisor traps exits. A `request_shutdown` reaching it (from its parent
+//! supervisor, or from the app via `request_shutdown`/`RuntimeHandle`) runs
+//! the ordered shutdown: children are stopped in reverse start order, each
+//! per its `Shutdown` policy — `request_shutdown`, wait up to the timeout for
+//! its termination signal, `request_stop` if it overstays — and then `run()`
+//! returns normally. Every supervisor-initiated child stop (ordered shutdown,
+//! OneForAll/RestForOne sibling cycling) goes through the same policy.
+//!
+//! A *hard* `request_stop` on a supervisor unwinds it; a drop guard then
+//! hard-stops its live children so the subtree is never orphaned.
+
+use smarm::supervisor::{ChildSpec, OneForOne, Restart, Shutdown, Strategy};
+use smarm::{
+    monitor, request_shutdown, request_stop, run, sleep, spawn, trap_exit, DownReason, JoinHandle,
+};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+/// A child that traps exits, records the order it was shut down in, and exits
+/// normally on the request (after `delay`). Ignores the request if `comply`
+/// is false — a straggler that must be hard-stopped.
+fn polite_child(
+    tag: usize,
+    log: &Arc<Mutex<Vec<usize>>>,
+    delay: Duration,
+    comply: bool,
+) -> impl Fn() + Send + Sync + 'static {
+    let log = log.clone();
+    move || {
+        let inbox = trap_exit();
+        loop {
+            let sig = match inbox.recv() {
+                Ok(s) => s,
+                Err(_) => return,
+            };
+            if sig.reason == DownReason::Shutdown {
+                log.lock().unwrap().push(tag);
+                if comply {
+                    sleep(delay);
+                    return;
+                }
+                // Not complying: keep running until hard-stopped.
+                loop {
+                    sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spawn `sup`, let its children reach `trap_exit`, return the handle.
+fn spawn_settled(sup: OneForOne) -> JoinHandle {
+    let h = spawn(move || sup.run());
+    sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+    h
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shutdown_stops_children_in_reverse_order_and_returns_normally() {
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let sup = OneForOne::new()
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(1, &l, Duration::ZERO, true),
+            ))
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(2, &l, Duration::ZERO, true),
+            ))
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(3, &l, Duration::ZERO, true),
+            ));
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        let mon = monitor(h.pid());
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        let down = mon.rx.recv().expect("down");
+        assert_eq!(
+            down.reason,
+            DownReason::Exit,
+            "supervisor exits normally after shutdown"
+        );
+    });
+    assert_eq!(*log.lock().unwrap(), vec![3, 2, 1]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_trapping_child_is_simply_stopped() {
+    let dropped = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let d = dropped.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        struct G(Arc<AtomicBool>);
+        impl Drop for G {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                self.0.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            }
+        }
+        let sup = OneForOne::new().child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, move || {
+            let _g = G(d.clone());
+            loop {
+                sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+            }
+        }));
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        h.join().expect("sup");
+    });
+    assert!(dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn straggler_is_hard_stopped_after_timeout() {
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let sup = OneForOne::new().child(
+            ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(1, &l, Duration::ZERO, false),
+            )
+            .shutdown(Shutdown::Timeout(Duration::from_millis(50))),
+        );
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        let t0 = Instant::now();
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        h.join().expect("sup");
+        let took = t0.elapsed();
+        assert!(
+            took >= Duration::from_millis(50),
+            "returned before the grace period: {took:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            took < Duration::from_secs(2),
+            "did not fall back to a hard stop: {took:?}"
+        );
+    });
+    assert_eq!(
+        *log.lock().unwrap(),
+        vec![1],
+        "the straggler did receive the request"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn infinity_waits_for_a_slow_but_compliant_child() {
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    let finished = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let f = finished.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let f2 = f.clone();
+        let l2 = l.clone();
+        let sup = OneForOne::new().child(
+            ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, move || {
+                let inbox = trap_exit();
+                let _ = inbox.recv();
+                l2.lock().unwrap().push(1);
+                sleep(Duration::from_millis(150));
+                f2.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst); // only reached if not hard-stopped
+            })
+            .shutdown(Shutdown::Infinity),
+        );
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        h.join().expect("sup");
+    });
+    assert!(
+        finished.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+        "Infinity must not hard-stop a compliant child"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn brutal_kill_skips_the_request() {
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let sup = OneForOne::new().child(
+            ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(1, &l, Duration::ZERO, true),
+            )
+            .shutdown(Shutdown::BrutalKill),
+        );
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        h.join().expect("sup");
+    });
+    assert!(
+        log.lock().unwrap().is_empty(),
+        "a BrutalKill child never sees the request"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hard_stop_of_supervisor_does_not_orphan_children() {
+    let alive = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let a = alive.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        struct Alive(Arc<AtomicUsize>);
+        impl Drop for Alive {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                self.0.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            }
+        }
+        let mk = |a: Arc<AtomicUsize>| {
+            move || {
+                a.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                let _g = Alive(a.clone());
+                loop {
+                    sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let sup = OneForOne::new()
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, mk(a.clone())))
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, mk(a.clone())));
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        assert_eq!(a.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
+        let mon = monitor(h.pid());
+        request_stop(h.pid());
+        let _ = mon.rx.recv();
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));
+        assert_eq!(
+            a.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+            0,
+            "children orphaned by a hard supervisor stop"
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn nested_shutdown_reaches_grandchildren() {
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let l_inner = l.clone();
+        let inner = move || {
+            OneForOne::new()
+                .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                    Restart::Permanent,
+                    polite_child(10, &l_inner, Duration::ZERO, true),
+                ))
+                .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                    Restart::Permanent,
+                    polite_child(11, &l_inner, Duration::ZERO, true),
+                ))
+                .run()
+        };
+        let sup = OneForOne::new()
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(1, &l, Duration::ZERO, true),
+            ))
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Permanent, inner).shutdown(Shutdown::Infinity));
+        let h = spawn_settled(sup);
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        h.join().expect("sup");
+    });
+    assert_eq!(*log.lock().unwrap(), vec![11, 10, 1]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sibling_cycling_uses_graceful_shutdown() {
+    // OneForAll: when child A dies, sibling B (trapping) must receive a
+    // Shutdown request rather than a bare stop.
+    let log = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+    let l = log.clone();
+    let a_runs = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let ar = a_runs.clone();
+    run(move || {
+        let ar2 = ar.clone();
+        let sup = OneForOne::new()
+            .strategy(Strategy::OneForAll)
+            .intensity(5, Duration::from_secs(60))
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(Restart::Transient, move || {
+                let n = ar2.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
+                sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+                if n == 1 {
+                    panic!("first run dies");
+                }
+                // Second run: park until shut down.
+                let inbox = trap_exit();
+                let _ = inbox.recv();
+            }))
+            .child(ChildSpec::new(
+                Restart::Permanent,
+                polite_child(2, &l, Duration::ZERO, true),
+            ));
+        let h = spawn(move || sup.run());
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(150));
+        request_shutdown(h.pid());
+        h.join().expect("sup");
+    });
+    // B was shut down once by the cycle and once by the final shutdown.
+    assert_eq!(*log.lock().unwrap(), vec![2, 2]);
+    assert_eq!(a_runs.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
+}